【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-12及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-12 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, (1) into a hobby and lately has (2) into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates (3) Electrical Engine

2、ering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep (4) of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they (5) that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and (6) . Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they (7) yahoo int

3、o a customized database designed to (8) the needs of the thousands of users (9) began to use the service through the closely (10) Internet community. They developed customized software to help them (11) locate, identify and edit material (12) on the Internet. The name Yahoo is (13) to stand for “Yet

4、 Another Hierarchical Officious Orale“, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the (14) because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first (15) on Yangs workstation, “akebono“, while the search engine was (16) on Filos computer, “Konishiki“.In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netsc

5、ape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files (17) to larger computers (18) at Netscape. As a result Stanfords computer network returned to (19) , and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo (20) organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked

6、to the web.（分数：10.00）(1).A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. in B. on C. about D. for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. touch B. contact C. track D. record（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D

7、.(6).A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. co

8、ntacted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. fable B. model C. name D. brand（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. supported B. r

9、esided C. lived D. launched（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A.

10、 attains B. detains C. maintains D. contains（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. MeKendrick ha

11、s explored the Wedgewood Firms remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery. Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals and children s toys and books. While the feat of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain : Who were the c

12、onsumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and service actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customer

13、s wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last qu

14、estion, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century

15、England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, h

16、owever, hardly seems a sufficient answer. MeKendriek favors a Viable model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “ middling sort“ bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficie

17、nt. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand

18、 for luxuries? MeKendriek claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality potteries and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? I t is perfectly possiMe Go

19、 have the psychology and reality of consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in the tenth-century England for frivolous

20、 as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.（分数：10.00）(1).Plumb mentioned “theaters, musical festivals and childrens toys and books“(Para. 1) to_.A show the high economic power in England in the 18th centuryB tell us people of different ages need different goods or servicesC illu

21、strate that luxury consumption was in a high point in England in the 18th centuryD doubt the historians research result（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author uses the example in the end of Paragraph 2 to_.A illustrate that laboring people were ignoredB illustrate that laboring people also had great consump

22、tive powerC predict that laboring people would always shift to capital urban breweriesD explain why capitalists had such great consumptive power（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is NOT a possilde motive for luxury consumption mentioned in the passage?A People enjoy buying things.B Manufact

23、ures boast their products.C Consumers need to satisfy themselves in certain ways.D People liked learning from the rich s example.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does the author think of McKendricks claim about the luxury consumption consequences?A He partly agrees with McKendrick s opinion.B He thinks McK

24、endriek need more examples Go prove himself.C He disagrees with MeKendrick because he pays no attention to iron manufacture or textile mills.D He disagrees with McKendriek because his elemi was narrow and absolute.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What does the author think of the key questions?A They are comple

25、tely settled by historians.B They need more exploration.C They can t be settled in the near future.D They will be settled soon.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes

26、the kids dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstoreand another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating offic

27、er of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $ 2,500.Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biologica

28、l relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogistsand supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to

29、the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical. “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,“ says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each in

30、dividual has many ancestorsnumbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic informa

31、tion about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to wh

32、ich a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a persons test results may differ de

33、pending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.（分数：10.00）(1).In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTKs _.A. easy availability B. flexibility in pricin

34、gC. successful promotion D. popularity with households（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).PTK is used to _.A. locate ones birth place B. promote genetic researchC. identify parent-child kinship D. choose children for adoption（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to _.A. trace

35、 distant ancestors B. rebuild reliable bloodlinesC. fully use genetic information D. achieve the claimed accuracy（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _.A. disorganized data collection B. overlapping database buildingC. excessive sample comparison

36、D. lack of patent evaluation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _.A. Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing B. DNA Testing and It ProblemsC. DNA Testing Outside the Lab D. Lies Behind DNA Testing（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It may be just as well for Oxf

37、ord Universitys reputation that this weeks meeting of Congregation, its 3,552-strong governing body, was held in secret, for the air of civilized rationality that is generally supposed to pervade donnish conversation has lately turned fractious. Thats because the vice-chancellor, the nearest thing t

38、he place has to a chief executive, has proposed the most fundamental reforms to the university since the establishment of the college system in 1249; and a lot of the dons and colleges dont like it. The trouble with Oxford is that it is unmanageable. Its problems-the difficulty of recruiting good do

39、ns and of getting rid of bad ones, concerns about academic standards, severe money worries at some colleges-all spring from that. John Hood, who was recruited as vice-chancellor from the University of Auckland and is now probably the most-hated antipodean in British academic life, reckons he knows h

40、ow to solve this, and has proposed to reduce the power of dons and colleges and increase that of university administrators. Mr. Hood is right that the universitys management structure needs an overhaul. But radical though his proposals seem to those involved in the current row, they do not go far en

41、ough. The difficulty of managing Oxford stems only partly from the nuttiness of its system of governance; the more fundamental problem lies in its relationship with the government. Thats why Mr. Hood should adopt an idea that was once regarded as teetering on the lunatic fringe of radicalism, but th

42、ese days is discussed even in polite circles. The idea is independence. Oxford gets around 5,000 ($9,500) per undergraduate per year from the government. In return, it accepts that it can charge students only 1,150 (rising to3,000 next year) on top of that. Since it probably costs at least 10,000 a

43、year to teach an undergraduate, that leaves Oxford with a deficit of 4,000 or so per student to cover from its own funds. If Oxford declared independence, it would lose the 52m undergraduate subsidy at least. Could it fill the hole? Certainly. Americas top universities charge around 20,000 per stude

44、nt per year. The difficult issue would not be money alone, it would be balancing numbers of not-so-brilliant rich people paying top whack with the cleverer poorer ones they were cross-subsidising. Americas top universities manage it: high fees mean better teaching, which keeps competition hot and ac

45、ademic standards high, while luring enough donations to provide bursaries for the poor. It should be easier to extract money from alumni if Oxford were no longer state-funded.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the authors attitude toward John Hood is one of _. A enthusiastic supportB slight contem

46、ptC strong disapprovalD reserved consent（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is implied in the third paragraph that _. A reliance upon official subsidy has bred the current predicament of OxfordB an overhaul of Oxford management structure is urgently neededC the nuttiness of Oxford system of governance may be ea

47、sily removedD the current row is essential to many in polite circle（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The term “bursaries“ (Line 7, Paragraph 5) most probably means _. A preferential policiesB scholarship or grantC free stationery and accommodationD sheltering and meals（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).We can see from the ava

48、ilable statistics that the _. A the current financial status of Oxford results from its being state-fundedB radical reforms concentrate on Oxford management structureC Oxford independence might become a barrier to its recruiting good donsD notorious reputation results in Oxford meeting of Congregati

49、on held this week（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).To which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?A The contribution from alumni wont lure ample donation by the wealthy. B The civilized rationality is gradually spoiled by fractious nature. C The row going on in Oxford is passionate but beside the point. D Americans top universities are somewhat apprehensive of their current status but over-confident of