【考研类试卷】考研英语-36及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-36 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1.As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated

2、 facts. Color as seen is a mobile, changeable thingU (1) /Uto a large extent on the relationship of the colorU (2) /Uother colorsU (3) /Usimultaneously. It is notU (4) /Uin its relation to the direct stimulus whichU (5) /Uit. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that giveU (6) /Uto color do

3、 not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination color, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to beU (7) /Uin large part to the mechanism of colorU (8) /U.When the eye isU (9) /Uto a colored area, there is an imm

4、ediate readjustment of theU (10) /U of the eye to color in and around the areaU (11) /U. This readjustment does not promptly affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which theU (12) /Uis shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher theU (13) /U, and the larger the area,

5、the greater the effect will beU (14) /Uits persistence in theU (15) /Uviewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, atU (16) /Ufor a first approximation, full adaptation takes place overU (17) /Utime if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has b

6、een inU (18) /U darkness just previously. Also,U (19) /Uof the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to becomeU (20) /Uover the whole eye.（分数：10.00）A.liableB.focusingC

7、.typicalD.dependingA.withB.betweenC.toD.uponA.pursuedB.perceivedC.realizedD.conceivedA.fixedB.firmC.boundD.openA.createsB.summonsC.triggersD.introducesA.playB.wayC.riseD.birthA.relatedB.dueC.devotedD.closeA.assimilationB.admissionC.regulationD.adaptationA.drawnB.leftC.exposedD.subjectedA.sensitivity

8、B.curiosityC.decorationD.impressionA.noticedB.alarmedC.neglectedD.toleratedA.cheerB.senseC.gazeD.thoughtA.publicityB.necessityC.densityD.intensityA.by means ofB.in terms ofC.with regard toD.in line withA.transparentB.succeedingC.simultaneousD.proceedingA.mostB.worstC.leastD.bestA.briefB.completeC.li

9、ghtD.narrowA.efficientB.parallelC.relativeD.respectiveA.regardlessB.despiteC.exclusiveD.becauseA.equivalentB.uniformC.contrastiveD.complementary二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPart A/BBDirections:/BReading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark

10、 your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.BText 1/BWhat our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too

11、diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later What it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were

12、 to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety o

13、f nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into

14、 private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, “tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries hut to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for“. There is widespread distress because natio

15、nal morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity,

16、 even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth-a v

17、ision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea.

18、 Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness-in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.（分数：10.00）(1).This text is m

19、ainly intended to（分数：2.00）A.explore certain ways of making for a consensus.B.spotlight the role of myths in binding a community.C.interpret the meaning and purpose of modern life.D.reverse the decline of social standards and values.(2).From the text we learn that Christopher Lash is most probably（分数

20、：2.00）A.a reform advocate.B.a social psychologist.C.a reputed poet.D.a historical specialist.(3).Americans may find themselves in a society characterized by（分数：2.00）A.extreme stress.B.worry and suffering.C.shared beliefs.D.void and isolation.(4).Homers epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to（分

21、数：2.00）A.exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets.B.show an ideal concept of what life ought to be.C.illustrate the role of shared myths in society.D.make known myths of what a society ought to be.(5).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans（分数：2.00）A.to bring about th

22、e uniformity of their culture.B.to regain their consensus about a common experience.C.to perceive the effects of consensus about society.D.to stay away from negative feelings in their life.BText 2/BIn the next century well be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while c

23、oncocting new life-forms. When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, “Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?“ Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies?Pr

24、obably not. Instead, well reach again for a time-tested moral concept; one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millenniums most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative, Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather t

25、han as a means to some end.Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a

26、line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual (IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality).The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Al

27、dous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families. But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our genetic data without our p

28、ermission or use it to discriminate against us.Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to cre

29、ate artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a “dry-ware“ machine, so that we could live on without the “wet-ware“ of a biological brain and body. The 20th century

30、s revolution in infotechnology will thereby merge with the 21st centurys revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Lets turn the page now and get back to real science.（分数：10.00）(1).Dr. Frankensteins remarks are mentioned in the text（分数：2.00）A.to give an episode of the DNA technologic

31、al breakthroughs.B.to highlight the inevitability of a means to some evil ends.C.to show how he created a new form of life a thousand years ago.D.to introduce the topic of moral philosophies concerning biotechnology.(2).It can be concluded from the text that the technology of human cloning should be

32、 employed（分数：2.00）A.excessively and extravagantly.B.sensibly and cautiously.C.aggressively and indiscriminately.D.openly and enthusiastically.(3).From the text, we learn that Aldous Huxley is of the opinion that（分数：2.00）A.the power of biotechnology is to be decentralized.B.no one is entitled to disc

33、riminate against others.C.biotechnology is nothing more than gene-mapping.D.artificial intelligence compete with a human brain.(4).According to the last paragraph, “dry-ware“ is to “wet-ware“ as（分数：2.00）A.“collective“ to “individual“.B.“fictional“ to “factual“.C.“mechanical“ to “biological“.D.“illeg

34、al“ to “immoral“.(5).Judged from the information in the last paragraph, we can predict that the author is likely to write which of the following in the next section?（分数：2.00）A.The reflection upon biotechnological morality.B.The offensive invasion of our personal privacy.C.The inevitable change of IQ

35、s for our descendants.D.The present state of biotechnological research.BText 3/BWhen a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical sci

36、ence is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vacci

37、nation, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can Uward it off naturally./U To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease

38、 is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which

39、 genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the wea

40、kened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native A

41、merican population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans

42、would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccinatio

43、n. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.（分数：10.00）(1).The best title for the text may be（分数：2.00）A.“Vaccinations: A Blessing or A Curse.“B.“Principles of Vaccinations.“C.“Vaccines: Methods and Implications. “D.“A Miracle Cure Under Attack.“(2).What does th

44、e example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.A possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.B.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.C.A method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.D.The effectiveness of vaccines in curing certain disease.(3).Th

45、e phrase “ward it off naturally“ (Paragraph 2) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.dispose of it naturally.B.combat against it readily.C.attend to it reluctantly.D.split it up properly.(4).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the dea

46、th of the minority.B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.(5).The purpose of the author in writing this passage is（分数：2.0

47、0）A.to comment and criticize.B.to demonstrate and argue.C.to interest and entertain.D.to explain and inform.BText 4/BEuthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly ki

48、ll another human being. Just as it is wrong for a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients in any circu

49、mstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment. The American Medical Associations policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper “Active and Passive Euthanasia“ I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact n