ACI 546 3R-2014 Guide for the Selection of Materials for the Repair of Concrete.pdf

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1、Guide to Materials Selection for Concrete RepairReported by ACI Committee 546ACI 546.3R-14First PrintingJune 2014ISBN: 978-0-87031-895-5Guide to Materials Selection for Concrete RepairCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be re

2、produced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these doc

3、uments. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the erra

4、ta website at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of

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10、dards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Prac

11、tice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThis document provides guidance on the selection of materials for concrete repair. An overview of the important properties of repair materials is presente

12、d as a guide for making an informed selection of the appropriate repair materials for specific applications and service conditions.Keywords: cementitious; cracks; epoxy; materials; methacrylate; polymer; polyurethane; repair; surface sealer; silica fume; test methods; waterproofing.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1

13、INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Essential steps of concrete repair, p. 31.3Objective, p. 31.4Scope, p. 31.5Current industry issues and concerns, p. 4CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 42.1Notation, p. 42.2Definitions, p. 4CHAPTER 3PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE REPLACEMENT AND OVERLAY

14、 MATERIALS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE, p. 53.1General, p. 53.2Volume stability, p. 53.3Mechanical properties, p. 73.4Constructibility characteristics, p. 123.5Aesthetic properties, p. 123.6Factors affecting durability, p. 123.7Chemical composition, p. 163.8Summary tables, p. 16CHAPTER 4CONCRETE REPLACEMEN

15、T AND OVERLAY MATERIAL SELECTION, p. 164.1Concrete, p. 194.2Silica-fume concrete, p. 194.3Polymer-modified concrete, p. 204.4Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-cement concrete (MAPCC), p. 204.5Polymer concrete, p. 204.6Mortars, p. 214.7Types of concrete replacements and overlays, p. 22John S. Lund, Chair

16、David W. Whitmore, SecretaryACI 546.3R-14Guide to Materials Selection for Concrete RepairReported by ACI Committee 546James Peter BarlowMichael M. ChehabMarwan A. DayeMichael J. GarlichPaul E. GaudetteTimothy R. W. GillespieYelena S. GolodFred R. GoodwinHarald G. GreveRon HeffronRobert F. JoyceLawre

17、nce F. KahnBrian F. KeaneBenjamin LavonKenneth M. LozenJames E. McDonaldMyles A. MurrayJay H. PaulRichard C. Reed*Johan L. SilfwerbrandJoe SolomonMichael M. SprinkelRonald R. StankieJoseph E. TomesDavid A. VanOckerAlexander M. VaysburdKurt WagnerPatrick M. WatsonMark V. ZieglerSubcommittee MembersYo

18、gini S. DeshpandeFloyd E. Dimmick Sr.Peter A. LipphardtWilliam F. McCannShreerang N. NabarPaul H. ReadLouis M. WenickConsulting MembersPeter EmmonsNoel P. MailvaganamKevin A. MicholsRichard MontaniDon T. Pyle*Editor and subcommittee Chair.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended

19、for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material i

20、t contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by th

21、e Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 546.3R-14 supersedes 546.3R-06 and was adopted and published June 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including r

22、ights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permissio

23、n in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.14.8Deep concrete replacements and overlays, p. 224.9Shallow concrete replacements and overlays, p. 254.10Thin overlays, p. 264.11Aggressive environments and exterior applications, p. 26CHAPTER 5PROPERTIES OF CRACK REPAIR MATERIALS AND THEIR IM

24、PORTANCE, p. 265.1General, p. 265.2Types of crack repair materials, p. 275.3Properties of rigid crack repair materials, p. 275.4Properties of elastomeric crack repair materials, p. 295.5Properties of flexible crack repair materials, p. 325.6Other considerations, p. 335.7Summary tables, p. 33CHAPTER

25、6CRACK REPAIR MATERIALS SELECTION, p. 336.1General, p. 336.2Crack repair materials and procedures, p. 386.3Epoxy resin, p. 386.4Methacrylates, p. 396.5Polyurethane chemical grout, p. 406.6Polyurethane sealant, p. 416.7Silicone sealant, p. 426.8Silyl-terminated polyether sealant, p. 426.9Polysulfide

26、sealant, p. 436.10Flexible epoxy resin, p. 436.11Polyurea, p. 436.12Strip-and-seal systems, p. 436.13Grouts, p. 446.14Selection of crack repair materials, p. 44CHAPTER 7PROPERTIES OF SURFACE SEALERS, ANTI-CARBONATION COATINGS, AND TRAFFIC-BEARING ELASTOMERIC COATINGS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE, p. 457.1Ge

27、neral, p. 457.2Properties of surface sealers, p. 457.3Properties of anti-carbonation coatings, p. 507.4Properties of traffic-bearing elastomeric coatings, p. 517.5Summary tables, p. 53CHAPTER 8SURFACE SEALER, ANTI-CARBONATION COATING, AND TRAFFIC-BEARING ELASTOMERIC COATING MATERIALS SELECTION, p. 5

28、78.1General, p. 578.2Surface sealers, p. 578.3Anti-carbonation coatings, p. 598.4Traffic-bearing elastomeric coatings, p. 608.5Selecting surface sealers and anti-carbonation coat-ings, p. 61CHAPTER 9OTHER MATERIALS USED IN CONCRETE REPAIR, p. 619.1General, p. 619.2Reinforcing steel coatings, p. 619.

29、3Embedded galvanic anodes, p. 629.4Concrete bonding agents and techniques, p. 639.5Crystalline pore blockers, p. 639.6Surface-applied, penetrating corrosion inhibitors, p. 64CHAPTER 10REFERENCES, p. 65Authored documents, p. 68APPENDIX ACURRENT INDUSTRY ISSUES AND CONCERNS, p. 69A.1Material test meth

30、ods and reporting of test data, p. 70A.2Curing repair materials and manufacturers reported test results, p. 70A.3Product limitations and warnings, p. 71A.4Standardized industry acceptance, p. 71A.5Repair material bond, p. 71A.6Corrosion reduction, p. 71A.7Structural repairs, p. 72A.8Ongoing developm

31、ents, p. 72CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionConcrete is inherently a durable material, but its dura-bility under any given set of exposure conditions varies with concrete mixture proportions; the presence and positioning of reinforcement; and the detailing, placing, finishing, curing, a

32、nd protection it receives. In service, it may be exposed to conditions of abrasion, moisture cycles, cycles of freezing and thawing, temperature fluctuations, reinforce-ment corrosion, and chemical attack, resulting in deteriora-tion and potential reduction of its service life.As the concrete indust

33、ry develops and grows, concrete repair is frequently required; however, with the increasing number and age of concrete structures, frequent deferral of maintenance, and increased public awareness of dete-rioration and maintenance needs, repair is becoming a major focus of design and construction act

34、ivities. Although concrete repair is traditionally as much an art as a science, engineers and contractors typically do not receive much formal training in techniques for repair and the performance of repair materials applied to concrete. Personal experience is beneficial, but takes time to accumulat

35、e and can be costly in terms of failed repairs. Although this is changing, there is still too little information available to reliably predict the serviceability and durability of repairs. Concrete repairs that fail prematurely result in economic loss and usually require additional repairs.Due to a

36、greatly expanded repair market, new materials and repair methods are being introduced at an increasing rate to the construction market. At the same time, due to changing environmental and building codes and other regu-American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 GUIDE TO MATERI

37、ALS SELECTION FOR CONCRETE REPAIR (ACI 546.3R-14)lations, many existing, well-proven products are being refor-mulated into essentially new products that have limited track records. The user might not be informed of these changes.It is often difficult for a specifier to find the appropriate data to s

38、ystematically evaluate a product for a given repair situation. Often, test data are unavailable or, if available, are either not presented in useful or appropriate terms or presented in a manner that makes comparison with other competing materials difficult. One example is the use of nonstandard or

39、modified test methods.Although there are many competent repair materials avail-able commercially, there are also unsubstantiated claims of suitability and success. Even the highest-quality materials do not perform as expected if they are used inappropriately.ACI 546R is the first ACI publication dev

40、oted entirely to the subject of concrete repair. Its principle emphasis is on techniques for concrete repair with limited information on selecting repair materials. The physical properties of repair materials govern their performance in service and, as a result, the appropriate selection of these ma

41、terials for a given repair is at least as important to a successful, long-lasting repair as is using the proper procedures and work-manship. This guide is the second in a series of documents prepared by Committee 546 to aid the user in specifying and executing typical concrete repairs.1.2Essential s

42、teps of concrete repairThe success of concrete repairs depends on determining the cause and extent of concrete distress or deterioration and developing a repair strategy to address the problem. Typical steps in a systematic repair are to:a) Conduct a condition survey with a scope consistent with the

43、 perceived condition of the structure and the owners repair objectives, performed by qualified individuals, to document and evaluate visible and concealed deterioration, distress, defects, and damage, as well as potential future deterioration and distress;b) Determine the cause of the damage or dete

44、rioration necessitating the repairfor example, mechanical damage such as impact or abrasion; design, detailing, or construc-tion deficiencies; chemical damage such as alkali-aggregate reaction; physical damage related to cycles of freezing and thawing or thermal movements; corrosion of the steel rei

45、n-forcement caused by improper placement; carbonation of the concrete; or chloride ingress into the concrete to the reinforcing steel;c) Assess the application and service conditions to which the concrete repair material is, or will be, exposed;d) Determine the repair objectives, including desired s

46、ervice life;e) Select a repair strategy, including consideration of an appropriate protection system in conjunction with future maintenance, in terms of what is required to preserve or protect the structure and repairs, and what actual mainte-nance is likely to be available.Once the concrete to be r

47、epaired is evaluated and the cause of distress established, details of the proposed repair are developed. This includes evaluating and determining the required physical properties of repair materials, followed by the appropriate selection of available repair materials. Selec-tion is usually based on

48、 the ability of the material to conform to repair constraints and objectives as defined in this guide, including consideration of cost and availability.The repair is then implemented, including protective systems if designed as part of the repair. Refer to ACI 546R, where these steps are discussed i

49、n further detail.1.3ObjectiveThe objective of this guide is to provide guidance for the materials selection for concrete repair, including:a) Identification of common repair materials;b) Discussion of relevant material properties;c) Lists and discussion of test procedures for measuring these properties;d) Recommendations of minimum test values or perfor-mance levels;e) Discussion of the importance of specific material proper-ties for various repair applications and service environments.1.4ScopeTh