SAE J 935-2002 High-Strength Carbon and Alloy Die Drawn Steels.pdf

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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro

2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2009 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

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4、776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ935REAF.NOV2009Issued 1965-09Reaffirmed 2009-11Superseding J935 FEB2002High-Strength Carbon and Alloy Die Drawn SteelsForewordDie drawing of hot-rolled bars increases the strength and hardness. A

5、t the same time, the ratio of yieldstrength to tensile strength is increased and the notched bar impact values are reduced. Various factors controlthe degree of change in the mechanical properties. The final properties are dependent upon chemicalcomposition, hot-rolled microstructure (except in the

6、case of alloy steel where a normalize treatment is used priorto drawing), size, shape, and the amount of reduction in cross-sectional area, die geometry, straighteningprocedures, and manner or temperature level of the stress-relieving operation.As noted in Table 1, carbon and alloy steels of medium

7、carbon content respond readily to this special processing.Compositional additives may be employed to improve machinability.In the production of these products, drafts of approximately 10 to 35% reduction in cross-sectional areas areemployed at either room or elevated temperatures depending on the pr

8、actices and facilities of the individualproducer. Stress-relieving temperatures vary over a similarly wide range, depending on producer facilities and theend product requirements.Die drawn and stress-relieved bars are employed instead of quenched and tempered bars because of their uniquecombinations

9、 of properties. The die drawn and stress-relieved bars can be machined more readily than quenchedand tempered bars, and except when the latter have high hardenability, the die drawn and stress-relieved barshave more uniform hardness throughout the cross section. When dimensional stability is critica

10、l during or aftermachining, or after cold-forming operations, the individual producer should be consulted for special processing tomeet such conditions.The torsional strength and endurance limit are similar to those of quenched and tempered grades at the samestrength level. The wear resistance of th

11、ese special processed steels is approximately equal to that of quenchedand tempered bars of the same surface hardness.1. ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice is intended to provide basic information on properties andcharacteristics of high-strength carbon and alloy steels which have been subjected to

12、special die drawing.This includes both cold drawing with heavier-than-normal drafts and die drawing at elevated temperatures.SAE J935 Reaffirmed NOV2009-2-2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationThe following publication forms a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwi

13、se specified, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J429Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners3. HardnessThe hardness values for all grades are shown in Table 1.

14、The typical hardness ranges indicatedfor the 825 MPa tensile strength steels are subject to negotiation between producer and consumer. Hardnessdeterminations are commonly made on a flat ground on the outside diameter or on a cross section from themid-radius to within 6 mm of the surface. If, when te

15、sting the finished product, there is disagreement betweenthe typical hardness and tensile or yield strength values, the latter properties shall govern.4. Impact CharacteristicsThe impact test values of special die drawn bars, as measured by the Izod orCharpy notched bar test, are lower than those of

16、 quenched and tempered carbon bars and they aresignificantly lower than those of quenched and tempered alloy steels. Failures of machine components usuallyresult from fatigue, corrosion, wear, or shock loading. With the possible exception of the latter, there is noknown correlation between the cases

17、 of failure and the notched bar impact test. In the case of shock loading,whatever relation exists must be derived empirically, that is, from experience. When low temperatures or highpressures are involved and where doubt exists as to the suitability of these steels, the design of the part shouldbe

18、reviewed.5. Surface FinishA number of surface finishes are available depending on producers facilities and end userequirements. Bars can be supplied in the die drawn condition turned and polished, or ground and polishedfrom die drawn or turned bars. The bars frequently have a dark appearance when th

19、e last operation is stressrelieving. Surface finishes are subject to negotiation with each producer. The ranges of Arithmetical Average(AA) values in Table 5 are considered normal for each condition.6. MachinabilityMachinability values for any given grade or condition will vary considerably from sho

20、p to shopas a function of equipment, tooling grade and design, set up conditions, lubrication, and personnel. Theratings in Table 6 which are considered typical and which are offered only for purposes of comparison arebased on a value of 100% for SAE 1212.SAE J935 Reaffirmed NOV2009-3-TABLE 1MINIMUM

21、 MECHANICAL PROPERTIESTensileStrengthMPaTensileStrengthksiYieldStrengthMPaYieldStrengthksiElongationin 50 mm(2In),%Reduction inArea, %(1)1.Typical minimum.BrinellHardnessGradesSize RangemmSize RangeinToleranceCARBON STEELS82512069010010.025.0241/321(2)2.Typical hardness ranges,subject to negotiation

22、. Hardness tobe taken on a flat below decarbor on themid-radius. In case ofdisagreement between hardness and tensile oryield strength, the latter properties govern.1541up to 80 (round)3SeeTable 2104510526-90 (round)1/4 - 3-1/21141248/321(2)11446-120 (round)1/4 - 4-1/2SeeTable 211516-55 (hexagon)1/4

23、-29651408601255.015.028011446-60 (round)1/4 - 2-1/2SeeTable 36-40 (hexagon)1/4 - 1-1/2ALLOY STEELS86012572510514.045.026941XX1290 (hexagon)7/163-1/2SeeTable 451XX(3)3.May contain Pb or Te orother additives for improved machinability.1035(4)4.See SAE J429.15089513010.035.030241XX(3)51XX(3)11701701070

24、1555.020.035541XX(3)SAE J935 Reaffirmed NOV2009-4-TABLE 2SIZE TOLERANCES FOR CARBON STEELSSize Range, mm (in) Tolerance, mm(1)1. All tolerances are minus.Tolerance, in(1)Rounds 6 40, incl (1/4 - 1 - 1/2) 0.10 0.004Over 40 60, incl (Over 1-1/2 - 2-1/2, incl) 0.12 0.005Over 60 100, incl (Over 2-1/2 -

25、4, incl) 0.15 0.006Over 100 120, incl (Over 4 - 4-1/2, incl) 0.18 0.007Hexagons 7 18, incl (1/4 - 3/4, incl) 0.10 0.004Over 18 36, incl (Over 3/4 - 1-1/2, incl) 0.12 0.005Over 36 55, incl (Over 1-1/2 - 2, incl) 0.15 0.006TABLE 3SIZE TOLERANCES FOR CARBON STEELSSize Range, mm (in) Tolerance, mm(1)1.

26、All tolerances are minus.Tolerance, in(1)Rounds 8 to less than 12 (5/16 to less than 7/16) 0.10 0.00412 40, incl (7/16 - 1-1/2, incl) 0.12 0.005Over 40 60, incl (Over 1-1/2 - 2-1/2, incl) 0.15 0.006Hexagons 7 to less than 10 (1/4 to less than 3/8) 0.10 0.00410 to less than 13 (3/8 to less than 7/16)

27、 0.12 0.00513 36, incl (7/16 - 1-1/2, incl) 0.15 0.006TABLE 4SIZE TOLERANCES FOR ALLOY STEELS (ROUNDS)Size Range, mm (in)Tolerance, mm(1)1. All tolerances are minus.Tolerance, in(1)12 40, incl (7/16 - 1-1/2, incl) 0.12 0.005Over 40 60, incl (Over 1-1/2 - 2-1/2, incl) 0.15 0.006Over 6090, incl (Over

28、2-1/2 - 3-1/2, incl) 0.18 0.007TABLE 5RANGES OF ARITHMETICAL AVERAGE (AA) VALUESm inCold Drawn 1.25/3.20 AA (50/125)Turned and Polished 0.40/1.00 AA (15/40)Cold Drawn-Ground and Polished 0.20/0.50 AA (8/20)Turned-Ground and Polished 0.20/0.50 AA (8/20)SAE J935 Reaffirmed NOV2009-5-PREPARED BY THE SA

29、E IRON AND STEEL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE DIVISION 1CARBON AND ALLOY STEELSREAFFIRMED BY THE SAE CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS COMMITTEETABLE 6TYPICAL MACHINABILITY RATINGSSAE Grade Heavy Drafted, Stress Relieved, %1045 561050 541141 671144 85High Tensile 1144 8041XX 1035 MPa (150 ksi), TS 75 with free machini

30、ng additives51XX 1035 MPa (150 ksi), TS 75 with free machining additives41XX 1170 MPa (170 ksi), TS 60 with free machining additivesSAE J935 Reaffirmed NOV2009RationaleNot applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO StandardNot applicable.ApplicationThis SAE Recommended Practice is intended to pr

31、ovide basic information on properties andcharacteristics of high-strength carbon and alloy steels which have been subjected to special diedrawing. This includes both cold drawing with heavier-than-normal drafts and die drawing at elevatedtemperatures.Reference SectionSAE J429Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded FastenersDeveloped by the SAE Iron and Steel Technical Committee Division 1Carbon and Alloy SteelsSponsored by the SAE Iron and Steel Technical Committee