[考研类试卷]考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷17及答案与解析.doc

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1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 17 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have already appeared.【F1】The goal of all will be to t

2、ry to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened.【F2】Scienti

3、fic creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard scientific creationism as

4、bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitchers book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beati

5、ng.【F3】He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is philosopher

6、, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.【F4】The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust ja

7、cket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:This book stands for reason itself.【F5】And so it doesand all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. Is

8、 this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well? At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-se

9、arching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990.【F1】Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late S

10、teve Ross in 1992.【F2 】On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the companys mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors

11、 are waiting impatiently.【F3】The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him, Levin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expressi

12、on of street culture, which deserves an outlet.【F4】The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the

13、 results may sometimes be. We wont retreat in the face of any threats.Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholdersmeeting.

14、 Levin asserted that music is not the cause of societys ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.【F5 】But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the compan

15、y would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known

16、for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,“ says Luce. I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness

17、 and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal.【F1】But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been kno

18、wn that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman.【F2 】English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet, yet a suspicio

19、usly large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.【F3】Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecessors(including his father)had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against ju

20、st 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The world s three top central bankers(Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami)are all close to the top of the alp

21、habet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world s five richest men(Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.【F4】At t

22、he start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alph

23、abetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards f

24、irst; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.【 F5】Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.11 【F1】12 【F2

25、】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 【F1】The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decisio

26、n.【F2】Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Gen

27、erations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenbergs recent research

28、 on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns

29、rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some man

30、agers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis.【F3】Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which ru

31、n counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of

32、 the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later.【F4】Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking-acting cyc

33、les, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.【F5】Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a co

34、urse of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking-acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F

35、3】19 【F4】20 【F5】20 【F1】Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, makes itself sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And t

36、here are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.【F2】Hence there is an analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central banker

37、s seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in

38、the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the

39、year as a whole.【F3】In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year, this is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.【F4】Economists have been part

40、icularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the linked States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its job

41、less rate(5.6% in August)has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemploymentthe rate below which inflation has taken off on the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.【F5 】Some economists argue that powerful structu

42、ral changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.21 【F1】22 【F2】23 【F3】24 【F4】25 【F5】25 【F1】The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a resu

43、lt it has had negative effects on the development of social security. It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit m

44、ust always be smaller than the persons wages for fear of malingering.“The purpose of social security,“ said Huntford referring to Swedens comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity.“ Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions d

45、esigned to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the ca

46、se of disability.【F2】People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses.Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security

47、service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend.【F3】Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social secu

48、rity service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of d

49、isability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace.【F4】There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs.The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair.【F5】It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.“ It was seen as merely gover