ASTM F2792-2012 Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies .pdf

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1、Designation: F2792 12Standard Terminology forAdditive Manufacturing Technologies1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2792; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa

2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology includes terms, definitions of terms,descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and acronyms associatedwith additive-manufacturing (AM)

3、technologies in an effort tostandardize terminology used by AM users, producers, re-searchers, educators, press/media and others.NOTE 1The subcommittee responsible for this standard will reviewdefinitions on a three-year basis to determine if the definition is stillaccurate as stated. Revisions will

4、 be made when determined to benecessary.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ISO Standard:3ISO 10303 -1:1994 Industrial automation systems and inte-gration - Product data representation and exchange - Part1: Overview and fundamental principles3. Significance and Use3.1 The definitions of the terms presented i

5、n this standardwere created by this subcommittee. This standard does notpurport to address safety concerns associated with the use ofAM technologies. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory

6、 limitations priorto use of additive manufacturing.4. Additive Manufacturing Process Categories4.1 The following terms provide a structure for groupingcurrent and future AM machine technologies. These terms areuseful for educational and standards-development purposesand are intended to clarify which

7、 machine types share process-ing similarities. For many years, the additive manufacturingindustry lacked categories for grouping AM technologies,which made it challenging educationally and when communi-cating information in both technical and non-technical settings.These process categories enable on

8、e to discuss a category ofmachines, rather than needing to explain an extensive list ofcommercial variations of a process methodology.binder jetting, nan additive manufacturing process in whicha liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to joinpowder materials.material extrusion, nan additive ma

9、nufacturing process inwhich material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle ororifice.material jetting, nan additive manufacturing process inwhich droplets of build material are selectively deposited.DISCUSSIONExample materials include photopolymer and wax.powder bed fusion, nan additive manufact

10、uring process inwhich thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powderbed.sheet lamination, nan additive manufacturing process inwhich sheets of material are bonded to form an object.vat photopolymerization, nan additive manufacturing pro-cess in which a pre-deposited photopolymer in a vat issel

11、ectively cured by light-activated cross linking of adjoin-ing polymer.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee F42 on AdditiveManufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF42.91 on Terminology.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published March 2012.

12、Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2792101. DOI:10.1520/F2792-12.2Through a mutual agreement with ASTM International (ASTM), the Society ofManufacturing Engineers (SME) contributed the technical expertise of its RTAMCommunity members to ASTM to be used as the tech

13、nical foundation for thisASTM standard. SME and its membership continue to play an active role inproviding technical guidance to the ASTM standards development process.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20,

14、Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=205791Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Terminology5.1 Definitions:3D printer, na machine used for 3D printing.3D printing, n

15、the fabrication of objects through the depo-sition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or anotherprinter technology.DISCUSSIONTerm often used synonymously with additive manufac-turing; in particular associated with machines that are low end in priceand/or overall capability.3D scanning, na met

16、hod of acquiring the shape and size ofan object as a 3-dimensional representation by recordingx,y,z coordinates on the objects surface and through soft-ware the collection of points is converted into digital data.DISCUSSIONTypical methods use some amount of automation,coupled with a touch probe, opt

17、ical sensor, or other device. Synonym:3D digitizing.additive manufacturing (AM), na process of joining ma-terials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layerupon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing meth-odologies. Synonyms: additive fabrication, additive pro-cesses, additive techniq

18、ues, additive layer manufacturing,layer manufacturing, and freeform fabrication.additive systems, nmachines used for additive manufactur-ing.binder jetting, nan additive manufacturing process in whicha liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to joinpowder materials.direct metal laser sintering

19、 (DMLSt), na powder bedfusion process used to make metal parts directly from metalpowders without intermediate “green” or “brown” parts;term denotes metal-based laser sintering systems from EOSGmbH - Electro Optical Systems. Synonym: direct metallaser melting.facet, ntypically a three- or four-sided

20、 polygon that repre-sents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface or model;triangular facets are used in STL files.fused deposition modeling (FDMt), na material extrusionprocess used to make thermoplastic parts through heatedextrusion and deposition of materials layer by layer; termdenotes machine

21、s built by Stratasys, Inc.laser sintering (LS), na powder bed fusion process used toproduce objects from powdered materials using one or morelasers to selectively fuse or melt the particles at the surface,layer by layer, in an enclosed chamber.DISCUSSIONMost LS machines partially or fully melt the m

22、aterialsthey process. The word “sintering” is a historical term and a misnomer,as the process typically involves full or partial melting, as opposed totraditional powdered metal sintering using a mold and heat and/orpressure.material extrusion, nan additive manufacturing process inwhich material is

23、selectively dispensed through a nozzle ororifice.material jetting, nan additive manufacturing process inwhich droplets of build material are selectively deposited.DISCUSSIONExample materials include photopolymer and wax.powder bed fusion, nan additive manufacturing process inwhich thermal energy sel

24、ectively fuses regions of a powderbed.prototype tooling, nmolds, dies, and other devices used toproduce prototypes; sometimes referred to as bridge toolingor soft tooling.rapid prototyping, nadditive manufacturing of a design,often iterative, for form, fit, or functional testing, or combi-nation the

25、reof.rapid tooling, nthe use of additive manufacturing to maketools or tooling quickly, either directly, by making parts thatserve as the actual tools or tooling components, such as moldinserts, or indirectly, by producing patterns that are, in turn,used in a secondary process to produce the actual

26、tools.rapid tooling, nin machining processes, the production oftools or tooling quickly by subtractive manufacturing meth-ods, such as CNC milling, etc.reverse engineering, nin additive manufacturing, method ofcreating a digital representation from a physical object todefine its shape, dimensions, a

27、nd internal and externalfeatures.selective laser sintering (SLSt), ndenotes the LS processand machines from 3D Systems Corporation.sheet lamination, nan additive manufacturing process inwhich sheets of material are bonded to form an object.stereolithography (SL), na vat photopolymerization pro-cess

28、used to produce parts from photopolymer materials in aliquid state using one or more lasers to selectively cure to apredetermined thickness and harden the material into shapelayer upon layer.stereolithography apparatus (SLAt), ndenotes the SLmachines from 3D Systems Corporation.subtractive manufactu

29、ring, nmaking objects by removingof material (for example, milling, drilling, grinding, carving,etc.) from a bulk solid to leave a desired shape, as opposedto additive manufacturing.surface model, na mathematical or digital representation ofan object as a set of planar or curved surfaces, or both, t

30、hatmay or may not represent a closed volume.DISCUSSIONMay consist of Bezier B-spline surfaces or NURBSsurfaces. A surface model may also consist of a mesh of polygons, suchas triangles, although this approach approximates the exact shape of themodel.tool, tooling, na mold, die, or other device used

31、in variousmanufacturing and fabricating processes such as plasticinjection molding, thermoforming, blow molding, vacuumcasting, die casting, sheet metal stamping, hydroforming,forging, composite lay-up tools, machining and assemblyfixtures, etc.vat photopolymerization, nan additive manufacturing pro

32、-cess in which a pre-deposited photopolymer in a vat isselectively cured by light-activated cross linking of adjoin-ing polymer.5.2 Acronyms:CAD, nComputer-Aided Design. The use of computers forthe design of real or virtual objects.CAM, nComputer-Aided Manufacturing. Typically refers tosystems that

33、use surface data to drive CNC machines, suchF2792 122as digitally-driven mills and lathes, to produce parts, molds,and dies.CNC, nComputer Numerical Control. Computerized controlof machines for manufacturing.DISCUSSIONCommon CNC machines include mills, lathes, grinders,and flame, laser, and water-je

34、t cutters.IGES, nInitial Graphics Exchange Specification, a platformneutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange ofproduct geometry and geometry annotation information;IGES version 5.3 was superseded by ISO 10303, STEP in2006.DISCUSSIONIGES is the common name for a United States NationalBu

35、reau of Standards standard NBSIR 80-1978, Digital Representationfor Communication of Product Definition Data, which was approved byANSI first as ANS Y14.26M-1981 and later as ANS USPRO/IPO-100-1996.PDES, nProduct Data Exchange Specification or ProductData Exchange using STEP.DISCUSSIONoriginally a p

36、roduct data exchange specification devel-oped in the 1980s by the IGES/PDES Organization, a program of USProduct Data Association (USPRO), it was adopted as the basis for andsubsequently superseded by ISO 10303 STEP.STEP, nStandard for the Exchange of Product Model Data.DISCUSSIONThe common name for

37、 ISO 10303 that “provides arepresentation of product information, along with the necessary mecha-nisms and definitions to enable product data to be exchanged. Thestandard applies to the representation of product information, includ-ing components and assemblies; the exchange of product data, includ-

38、ing storing, transferring, accessing, and archiving.”STL, nin additive manufacturing, file format for 3D modeldata used by machines to build physical parts; STL is the defacto standard interface for additive manufacturing systems.STL originated from the term stereolithography.DISCUSSIONThe STL forma

39、t, in binary and ASCII forms, usestriangular facets to approximate the shape of an object. The format liststhe vertices, ordered by the right-hand rule, and unit normals of thetriangles, and excludes CAD model attributes.6. Keywords6.1 additive manufacturing; rapid prototyping; 3D printingBIBLIOGRAP

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43、ing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F2792 123