ASTM F436-2009 Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers.pdf

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1、Designation: F 436 09Standard Specification forHardened Steel Washers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind

2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, anddimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for usewith fasteners having nominal thread diameter

3、s of14 through4 in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechani-cal and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and otherinternally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers aresuitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A 325,A 354, A 449, and A 490.1.2 The washers a

4、re designated by type denoting the mate-rial and by style denoting the shape.1.2.1 The types of washers covered are:1.2.1.1 Type 1Carbon steel.1.2.1.2 Type 3Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosionresistance and weathering characteristics are comparable tothat of steels covered in Specifications A 58

5、8/A 588M andA 709/A 709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of thesesteels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with orwithout copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed tothe atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (uncoated) formany applications.1.2.2 The styles of washers c

6、overed are:1.2.2.1 CircularCircular washers in nominal bolt sizes14through 4 in. suitable for applications where sufficient spaceexists and angularity permits.1.2.2.2 BeveledBeveled washers are square or rectangu-lar, in nominal sizes12 through 112 in., with a beveled 1 to 6ratio surface for use wit

7、h American standard beams andchannels.1.2.2.3 ClippedClipped washers are circular or beveledfor use where space limitations necessitate that one side beclipped.1.2.2.4 Extra ThickExtra thick washers are circular wash-ers in nominal sizes12 through 112 in., with a nominalthickness of516 in. suitable

8、for structural applications withoversized holes.1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F 1789 unless otherwise defined herein.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.NOTE 1Acomplete

9、metric companion to Specification F 436 has beendevelopedSpecification F 436M; therefore no metric equivalents arepresented in this specification.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan

10、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, HeatTreated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile StrengthA 354 Specification for Quen

11、ched and Tempered AlloySteel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasten-ersA 449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum TensileStrength, General UseA 490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, HeatTreated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensi

12、le StrengthA 588/A 588M Specification for High-Strength Low-AlloyStructural Steel, up to 50 ksi 345 MPa Minimum YieldPoint, with Atmospheric Corrosion ResistanceA 709/A 709M Specification for Structural Steel forBridgesA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel Prod

13、uctsB 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc MechanicallyDeposited on Iron and SteelD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF 436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers (Metric)F 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, D

14、irect Tension Indicators, and Rivets1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 197

15、6. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F 436 07a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Su

16、mmary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.F 1136 Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protec-tive Coatings for FastenersF 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fast

17、enersF 2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require-ments for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded FastenersG 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric CorrosionResistance of Low-Alloy Steels3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for hardened ste

18、el washers under this specifica-tion shall include the following:3.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue,3.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces by size),3.1.3 Type and Style (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.2),3.1.4 Zinc CoatingSpecify the zinc coating process re-quired, for example, hot-dip, mechanically deposited, Z

19、inc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating, or no preference(see 4.3),3.1.5 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, ifmodified from those covered in this specification,3.1.6 Specify if inspection at point of manufacture is re-quired,3.1.7 Specify if manufacturers certification or test report

20、s,or both, are required, and3.1.8 Special requirements.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall beproduced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnaceprocess.4.2 Washers up to and including 112 in. in bolt size shall bethrough hardened. Washers over 11

21、2 in. may be either throughhardened or carburized at the option of the manufacturer.4.3 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip and Mechanically Deposited,Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating:4.3.1 When zinc-coated washers are required, the purchasershall specify the zinc coating process, for example, hot-dip

22、,mechanically deposited, Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion ProtectiveCoating, or no preference.4.3.2 When hot-dip is specified the washers shall be zinccoated by the hot-dip process in accordance with the require-ments of Specification F 2329.4.3.3 When mechanically deposited is specified the washersshall be

23、 zinc coated by the mechanical-deposition process inaccordance with the requirements of Class 55 of SpecificationB 695.4.3.4 When Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coatingis specified, the washers shall be coated in accordance with therequirements of Grade 3 of Specification F 1136.4.3.5 When no p

24、reference is specified, the supplier mayfurnish either a hot-dip zinc coating in accordance withSpecification F 2329, or a mechanically deposited zinc coatingin accordance with Specification B 695, Class 55, or a Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating in accordance withSpecification F 1136, Gra

25、de 3. Threaded components (bolt andnuts) shall be coated by the same zinc-coating process and thesuppliers option is limited to one process per item with nomixed processes in a lot.4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shallbe returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to ship

26、ment tothe purchaser.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Type 1 and Type 3 washers shall conform to thechemical composition specified in Table 1. For Type 3 seeGuide G 101 for methods of estimating corrosion resistance oflow alloy steels.5.2 Product analysis may be made by the purchaser fromfinished material

27、 representing each lot of washers. The chemi-cal composition shall conform to the requirements of 4.1 and5.1.5.3 Individual heats of steel are not identified in the finishedproduct.5.4 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordancewith Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.6. Mechanical

28、 Properties6.1 Through hardened washers shall have a hardness of 38to 45 HRC, except when zinc-coated by the hot-dip process, inwhich case they shall have a hardness of 26 to 45 HRC.6.2 Carburized washers shall be carburized to a minimumdepth of 0.015 in. and shall have a surface hardness of 69 to 7

29、3HRA or 79 to 83 HR15N, except when zinc-coated by thehot-dip process, in which case they shall have a hardness of 63to 73 HRA or 73 to 83 HR15N.6.3 Carburized and hardened washers shall have a minimumcore hardness of 30 HRC or 65 HRA.7. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 All circular and clipped circular

30、 washers shall conformto the dimensions shown in Table 2 and Table 3.7.2 All square beveled and clipped square beveled washersshall conform to the dimensions shown in Table 3 and Table 4.In addition, rectangular beveled and clipped rectangular bev-eled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown i

31、n TableTABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElementComposition, %Type 1 Type 3APhosphorus, maxHeat analysisProduct analysis0.0400.0500.0400.045Sulfur, maxHeat analysisProduct analysis0.0500.0600.0500.055SiliconHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.150.350.130.37ChromiumHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.450.650.420.

32、68NickelHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.250.450.220.48CopperHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.250.450.220.48AWeathering steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steelslisted in Table 2 of Specification A 325.F436092TABLE 2 Hardened Circular, Clipped Circular, and Extra-Thick WashersNOTE

33、1Tolerances are as noted in table on washer dimension tolerances.Circular and Extra Thick Clipped CircularNominal SizeCircular, Clipped Circular, and Extra Thick Circular and Clipped Extra Thick ClippedNominal OutsideDiameter (OD), in.Nominal InsideDiameter (ID), in.Thickness (T),in.Minimum EdgeDist

34、ance (E)A,in.min max min max14 0.625 0.281 0.051 0.080 . . . . . . 0.219516 0.688 0.344 0.051 0.080 . . . . . . 0.28138 0.813 0.406 0.051 0.080 . . . . . . 0.344716 0.922 0.469 0.051 0.080 . . . . . . 0.40612 1.063 0.531 0.097 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.438916 1.188 0.625 0.110 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.50058 1.

35、313 0.688 0.122 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.56334 1.468 0.813 0.122 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.65678 1.750 0.938 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.7811 2.000 1.063 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.875118 2.250 1.188 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.000114 2.500 1.375 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.094138 2.750 1.500 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375

36、1.219112 3.000 1.625 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.313134 3.375 1.875 0.178B0.28B0.305 0.375 1.5312 3.750 2.125 0.178B0.28B0.305 0.375 1.750214 4.000 2.375 0.24C0.34C0.305 0.375 2.000212 4.500 2.625 0.24C0.34C0.313 0.375 2.188234 5.000 2.875 0.24C0.34C0.313 0.375 2.4063 5.500 3.125 0.24C0.34C0.313 0.375

37、 2.625314 6.000 3.375 0.24C0.34C0.313 0.375 2.875312 6.500 3.625 0.24C0.34C0.313 0.375 3.063334 7.000 3.875 0.24C0.34C0.313 0.375 3.3134 7.500 4.125 0.24C0.34C0.313 0.375 3.500AClipped edge E shall be not closer than78 of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.B 316 in. nominal.C 14 in. nom

38、inal.F4360933 and Table 4, except that one side may be longer than shownfor the “A” dimension.7.3 Unless otherwise stated in the inquiry or purchase order,plain (uncoated) hardened steel circular washers shall befurnished. Where corrosion-preventive treatment is required,washers shall be coated as a

39、greed upon between the manufac-turer and the purchaser.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scale, excesscoatings and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gascut washers shall be free of metal spatter.9. Sampling and Number of Tests9.1 The requireme

40、nts of this specification shall be met incontinuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturershall make sample inspections to ensure that the productconforms to the specified requirements. Additional tests ofindividual shipments of material are not ordinarily contem-plated.9.2 When additional

41、tests are specified in the inquiry orpurchase order, a lot, for purposes of selecting test samples,shall consist of all material offered for inspection at one timethat has the following common characteristics:9.2.1 Same nominal size.9.2.2 Same material grade.9.2.3 Same nominal post treatment (heat t

42、reatment or coat-ing or both).9.3 From each lot described in 9.2, the number of specimenstested for each required property shall be as follows:Number of Pieces in Lot Number of Specimens800 and under 1801 to 8000 28001 to 22 000 3Over 22 000 510. Test Methods10.1 Hardness:TABLE 3 Washer Dimensional

43、TolerancesDimensional Characteristics112 through 3in. NominalSize3 in.Nominal SizeNominal diameter of hole, in. 0, +0.032 0, +0.063 0, +0.063 0, +0.125Nominal outside diameter, in. 60.032 60.063 60.063 60.125Flatness: max deviation from straightedgeplaced on cut side shall not exceed (in.)0.010 0.01

44、5 0.020 0.032Concentricity, in.: center of hole to outsidediameter0.030 FIRA0.060 FIRA0.090 FIRA0.250 FIRABurr shall not project above immediatelyadjacent washer surface more than (in.)0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025AFull indicator runout.TABLE 4 Hardened Beveled WashersNOTE 1Tolerances are as noted in Tabl

45、e 3.Square Square ClippedBolt Size, in.Square Beveled and Clipped Square BeveledAClippedMinimum SideDimension (A),in.Nominal InsideDiameter (I.D.), in.Mean Thickness(T),in.Slope or Taper inThicknessNominal EdgeDistance (E),Bin.12 1341732516 1:671658 1341116516 1:691634 1341316516 1:6213278 134151651

46、6 1:625321134 118516 1:678118 214 114516 1:6 1114 214 138516 1:6 1332138 214 112516 1:6 1732112 214 158516 1:6 1516ARectangular beveled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown above, except that one side may be longer than that shown for the A dimension.BClipped edge E shall not be closer than

47、78 of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.F43609410.1.1 Non-carburized WashersA minimum of two read-ings shall be taken 180 apart on at least one face at a minimumdepth of 0.015 in.10.1.2 Carburized WashersA minimum of two readingsshall be taken 180 apart on at least one face.10.2 Hardne

48、ss tests shall be performed in accordance withthe Rockwell test method specified in Test Methods F 606.11. Inspection11.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspectorall reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that thematerial is being produced and furnished in accordance withthis s

49、pecification. Mill inspection by the purchaser shall notinterfere unnecessarily with the manufacturers operations. Alltests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture,unless otherwise agreed to.11.2 If other than the normal inspection for continuous massproduction of parts as stipulated in 9.1 is required by thepurchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order.12. Rejection and Rehearing12.1 Material that fails to conform to the requireme