ASTM E2589-2009 Standard Terminology Relating to Nonsieving Methods of Powder Characterization.pdf

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1、Designation: E 2589 09Standard Terminology Relating toNonsieving Methods of Powder Characterization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2589; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi

2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONParticle size distribution, surface area, and other forms of particle analysis have been commonlyadopted methods of verifying com

3、pliance with desired particle specifications for some time. Greateremphasis is now being placed on inter- and intralaboratory correlation of all particle measurementsystems.To ensure a better understanding of the comparison of testing results from particle measurementsystems, terminology relating to

4、 the measurements must be clearly defined and documented so thatboth the recipient and generator of the data are in full agreement as to the meaning of the data. Everyeffort has been made here to ensure accuracy, precision, and clarity for the terms included in thisterminology document. For Committe

5、e E29, this is an ongoing process with new terms beingdeveloped and defined for future inclusion. Suggestions and comments for additions, corrections, andrevisions are welcomed.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers the definitions of terms used inthe description and procedures of analysis of particula

6、tematerials not ordinarily analyzed using test sieves. The termsrelate directly to the equipment used in analysis, the physicalforms of the materials to be analyzed, and selected descriptivedata reduction and analysis formats.1.2 Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterizationbelieves that it i

7、s essential to include terms and definitionsexplicit to the committees scope, regardless of whether theterms appear in existing ASTM standards. Terms that are incommon usage and appear in common-language dictionariesare generally not included, unless they have specific meaningsin the context of part

8、icle characterization different from thecommon-language definitions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 2578 Practice for Calculation of Mean Sizes/Diametersand Standard Deviations of Particle Size Distributions3. Significance and Use3.1 Interpretation and use of data generated by particlec

9、haracterization methods is highly dependent on the definitionsof terms describing that data. It is extremely important thatthose terms be defined in precisely the same way both whencomparing data from different characterization techniques andeven when correlating data from the same technique.3.2 It

10、is likewise important that users of particle character-ization methods and the data generated therefrom understandthe principles of the methods, so that differences and similari-ties in the data can be interpreted in relation to those principles.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co

11、mmittee E29 on Particleand Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.02on Non-Sieving Methods.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 2589 08b.2For referenced ASTM standa

12、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA

13、 19428-2959, United States.That understanding can help to avoid disagreements when datafrom different characterization methods are compared.3.3 The definitions contained in this terminology will aid inthe interpretation of particle characterization data with respectto the method(s) used to produce t

14、hat data.4. Terminologyblind pore, nopen pore having only a single connection withan external surface.cumulative distribution, nthe representation of the totalfraction of the population, expressed as either mass-,volume-, area-, or number-based, that is greater than or lessthan discrete size values.

15、dispersion, nsystem consisting of particles distributed in asolid, liquid, or gas.dynamic image analysis, nparticle size and shape analysisusing computer image analysis techniques oninstantaneously-captured still-frame projected images of par-ticles in motion.DISCUSSIONSome instruments use a moving

16、measurement appara-tus on static particles.electrical sensing zone analysis, nparticle size analysis inwhich particles suspended in a conductive liquid mediumpass through a narrow orifice in an insulating materialseparating two electrodes. Each traversing particle generatesan electrical signal propo

17、rtional to its volume.electrical sensing zone equivalent spherical diameter,ndiameter of a hypothetical spherical particle that whensuspended in a conducting fluid would yield the sameelectrical signal as the particle under analysis.emulsion, na system that consists of one liquid dispersed inanother

18、.equivalent aerodynamic diameter, n the diameter of a unitdensity sphere that has the same inertial properties as theparticle under analysis, under the same conditionsequivalent spherical diameter, ndiameter of a sphere thathas the same geometrical characteristics (projected area,volume, etc.) or th

19、e same behavior (settling, light scattering,etc.) as the particle under analysis.equivalent Stokes diameter, nthe diameter of a sphere ofthe same density as the particle under analysis, undergoingthe same limiting velocity when moving in the same mediumunder laminar flow conditions.equivalent surfac

20、e area diameter, n the diameter of asphere that has the same surface area as the particle underanalysis.equivalent volume diameter, ndiameter of a sphere that hasthe same volume as the particle under analysis.frequency distribution, nthe representation of the relativefractions of a particle size dis

21、tribution represented by (orassociated with) discrete size values (recognizing that anindividual value may represent a range of values).mean particle size, na measure of the central tendency of aparticle size distribution, according to the Moment-Ratio(M-R) definition system of Practice E 2578.DISCU

22、SSIONThe mean particle size may be related to the number,surface area, volume, or other particle characteristic, depending onwhich moments of the distribution are used in its calculation. (See, forexample, Table 1 in Practice E 2578.)median particle size, nthe particle size at which half thedistribu

23、tion (by mass, volume, number, etc.) is larger thanand half smaller than the stated size.mode, na particle size at which the frequency distributionexhibits a maximum.DISCUSSION Many particle size distributions exhibit multiple localmaxima. For such multimodal distributions (bimodal, trimodal, and so

24、forth), one might speak of several modes of the distribution, meaningeach of the local maxima. However, the normal meaning of mode is toindicate the global maximum of the distribution, the size at which themaximum quantity of material is found.monodisperse, adjdescribing a group of particles that al

25、lhave the same size or other physical property .open pore, ncavity or channel with access to an externalsurface.particle, na small discrete unit of matter.particle size, none or more dimensions of an individualparticle in terms of the defined size basis.particle size distribution, nsee frequency dis

26、tribution andcumulative distribution.pore, ncavity or channel within a particle, powder, or solidbodypore size distribution, ndistribution of measured porevolume, area, or number versus pore size, which may be thediameter of a cylindrical or spherical pore, the distancebetween opposite walls of a sl

27、it, or some other lineardimension describing the pore opening.porosity, nratio of total pore volume to apparent totalvolume of a particle, powder, or solid body.primary particle, na discrete unit, itself bound togetheronly by strong atomic or molecular forces, in a collection ofparticles that may be

28、 bound together by other, weaker,cohesive forces.sedimentation analysis, nparticle size analysis whereStokes Law or Newtons Law is used to relate the size ofparticles to their motion in a specified medium, at a specifiedtemperature.static light scattering equivalent spherical diameter,ndiameter of a

29、 hypothetical spherical particle with thesame optical properties, and that scatters light in the samemanner, as the particle under analysis.static light scattering particle size analysis, nparticle sizeanalysis using the relation of particle diameter to the spatialintensity pattern of light scattere

30、d by particles illuminated bylight under specific conditions.surface area, nextent of surface of a particulate systemincluding accessible internal surfaces.5. Keywords5.1 nonsieving methods; particle; particle characterization;particle measurement; particle size; particulate; powder; pow-der charact

31、erization; surface areaE2589092This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsan

32、d should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee o

33、n Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2589093