ASTM E1963-2009(2014) Standard Guide for Conducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests《陆上植物毒性试验的标准实施指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: E1963 09 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forConducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1963; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers practices for conducting plant toxicitytests using terrestrial plant species to determine effects of testsubsta
3、nces on plant growth and development. Specific testprocedures are presented in accompanying annexes.1.2 Terrestrial plants are vital components of ecologicallandscapes. The populations and communities of plants influ-ence the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Obviously,plants are the central f
4、ocus of agriculture, forestry, and range-lands. Toxicity tests conducted under the guidelines andannexes presented herein can provide critical informationregarding the effects of chemicals on the establishment andmaintenance of terrestrial plant communities.1.3 Toxic substances that prevent or reduc
5、e seed germina-tion can have immediate and large impacts to crops. In naturalsystems, many desired species may be sensitive, while otherspecies are tolerant. Such selective pressure can result inchanges in species diversity, population dynamics, and com-munity structure that may be considered undesi
6、rable. Similarly,toxic substances may impair the growth and development ofseedlings resulting in decreased plant populations, decreasedcompetitive abilities, reduced reproductive capacity, and low-ered crop yield. For the purposes of this guide, test substancesinclude pesticides, industrial chemical
7、s, sludges, metals ormetalloids, and hazardous wastes that could be added to soil. Italso includes environmental samples that may have had any ofthese test substances incorporated into soil.1.4 Terrestrial plants range from annuals, capable of com-pleting a life-cycle in as little as a few weeks, to
8、 long-livedperennials that grow and reproduce for several hundreds ofyears. Procedures to evaluate chemical effects on plants rangefrom short-term measures of physiological responses (forexample, chlorophyll fluorescence) to field studies of trees overseveral years. Research and development of stand
9、ardized planttests have emphasized three categories of tests: (1) short-term,physiological endpoints (that is, biomarkers); (2) short-termtests conducted during the early stages of plant growth withseveral endpoints related to survival, growth, and development;and ( 3) life-cycle toxicity tests that
10、 emphasize reproductivesuccess.1.5 This guide is arranged by sections as follows:Section Title1 Scope2 Referenced Documents3 Terminology4 Summary of Phytotoxicity Tests5 Significance and Use6 Apparatus7 Test Material8 Hazards9 Test Organisms10 Sample Handling and Storage11 Calibration and Standardiz
11、ation12 Test Conditions13 Interference and Limitations14 Quality Assurance and Quality Control15 Calculations and Interpretation of Results16 Precision and Bias1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standar
12、d does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statem
13、ents are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD5633 Practice for Sampling with a ScoopE1598 Practice for Conducting Early Seedling Growth Tests(Withdrawn 2003)3E1733 Gu
14、ide for Use of Lighting in Laboratory Testing1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.Current edition approved Oct
15、. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallypublished in 1998. Last previous edition published 2009 as E196309. DOI:10.1520/E1963-09R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
16、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Code of Federal Regul
17、ations Standard:CFR 4942.3 Other useful references have described phytotoxicity testprocedures(1-11) .53. Terminology3.1 General TerminologyThe words “must,” “should,”“may,”“ can,” and “might” have very specific meanings in thisguide. “Must” is used to express an absolute requirement, thatis, to sta
18、te that the test ought to be designed to satisfy thespecified condition, unless the purpose of the test requires adifferent design. “Must” is only used in connection with factorsthat directly relate to the acceptability of the test (see Section14). “Should” is used to state that the specified condit
19、ion isrecommended and ought to be met if possible. Althoughviolation of one “should” is rarely a serious matter, violation ofseveral will often render the results questionable. Terms suchas “is desirable,” “is often desirable,” and “might be desirable”are used in connection with less important facto
20、rs. “May” isused to mean “is (are) allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is(are) able to,” and “might” is used to mean “could possibly.”Thus the classic distinction between “may” and “can” ispreserved, and “might” is never used as a synonym for either“may” or “can.”3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 control, nthe
21、treatment group in a toxicity testconsisting of reference soil or artificial soil that duplicates allthe conditions of the exposure treatments, but contains no testsubstance. The control is used to determine if there are anystatistical differences in endpoints related to the test substance.3.2.2 elu
22、ate, nsolution obtained from washing a solid witha solvent to remove adsorbed material.3.2.3 hazardous substance, na material that can causedeleterious effects to plants, microbes, or animals. (A hazard-ous substance does not, in itself, present a risk unless anexposure potential exists.)3.2.4 inhib
23、ition, na statistically lower value of any end-point compared to the control values that is related to environ-mental concentration or application rate.3.2.5 leachate, nwater plus solutes that has percolatedthrough a column of soil or waste.3.2.6 test material, nany formulation, dilution, etc. of at
24、est substance.3.2.7 test substance, na chemical, formulation, eluate,sludge, or other agent or substance that is the target of theinvestigation in a toxicity test.3.2.8 toxicant, nan agent or material capable of producingan adverse response (effect) in a biological system, adverselyimpacting structu
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