ASTM E176-2014a red 7710 Standard Terminology of Fire Standards.pdf

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1、Designation: E176 14E176 14a An American National StandardStandard Terminology ofFire Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, and descriptions of terms used or likely to be used in fire-test-responsestandards,

3、 fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards. Definitions of terms are special-purposedefinitions that are consistent with the standard definitions but are written to ensure that a specific fire-test-response standard,fire-hazard-assessment standard, or fire-risk-assessment

4、standard is properly understood and precisely interpreted.NOTE 1For additional information, refer to ASTM Policy on Fire Standards.21.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to estab

5、lish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C1224 Specification for Reflective Insulation for Building Applications

6、C1313 Specification for Sheet Radiant Barriers for Building Construction ApplicationsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and CokeE108 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coveri

7、ngsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750CE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and MaterialsE152 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Door Assemblies (Withdrawn 1995)4E162 Tes

8、t Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE163 Test Method for Fire Tests Of Window Assemblies (Withdrawn 1999)4E603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method

9、 for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During FiresE814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop SystemsE906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and

10、 Products Using a Thermopile MethodE970 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Exposed Attic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1317 Test Method for Flammability of Marine Surface FinishesE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread PropertiesE1352 Test Met

11、hod for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the responsibility of Subcommittee E

12、05.31 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved July 1, 2014Aug. 1, 2014. Published August 2014September 2014. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 20132014as E176 - 13.E176 - 14. DOI: 10.1520/E0176-14.10.1520/E0176-14a.2 Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Ba

13、rr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last appro

14、ved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depic

15、t all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942

16、8-2959. United States1E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire ModelsE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Fu

17、rniture and Mattress Components or CompositesUsing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption CalorimeterE1509 Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-Burning TypeE1513 Practice for Application of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials (SFRMs)E1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool

18、Fires on Structural Members and AssembliesE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered FurnitureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E16

19、78 Test Method for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Use in Fire Hazard AnalysisE1725 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Fire-Resistive Barrier Systems for Electrical System ComponentsE1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering orCeili

20、ng Covering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterE1776 Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-Assessment StandardsE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE1966 Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint SystemsE1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a

21、 Single Closed Chamber, Withthe Test Specimen Oriented HorizontallyE2032 Guide for Extension of Data From Fire Resistance Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)E2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Asses

22、sment of Rail Transportation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire TestsE2102 Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant HeaterE2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength of CigarettesE2226 Pr

23、actice for Application of Hose StreamE2307 Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale, Multi-story TestApparatusE2230 Practice for Thermal Qualification of Type B Packages for Radioactive MaterialE2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mountin

24、g of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface BurningCharacteristicsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and AssembliesE2280 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health CareFacilitiesE2335 Gu

25、ide for Laboratory MonitorsE2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Textile, Paper or Polymeric (Including Vinyl) Wall or CeilingCoverings, and of Facings and Wood Veneers Intended to be Applied on Site Over a Wood Substrate, to Assess SurfaceBurning CharacteristicsE2405 Test Method f

26、or Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials Using an Intermediate Scale Test withVertically Oriented Specimen (Withdrawn 2011)4E2536 Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in Fire TestsE2573 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Site-Fabricated Stretch Systems t

27、o Assess Surface BurningCharacteristicsE2574/E2574M Test Method for Fire Testing of School Bus Seat AssembliesE2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl Stretch CeilingMaterials for Building Applications to Assess Surface Burning Characte

28、risticsE2632/E2632M Test Method for Evaluating the Under-Deck Fire Test Response of Deck MaterialsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750CE2653 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine Precision Estimates for a

29、Fire Test Method with FewerThan Six Participating LaboratoriesE2688 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Tapes to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2690 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Caulks and Sealants to Assess Surface Burning CharacteristicsE2707 Test Method

30、for Determining Fire Penetration of Exterior WallAssemblies Using a Direct Flame Impingement ExposureE2726/E2726M Test Method for Evaluating the Fire-Test-Response of Deck Structures to Burning BrandsE2749 Practice for Measuring the Uniformity of Furnace Exposure on Test SpecimensE2816 Test Methods

31、for Fire Resistive Metallic HVAC Duct SystemsE176 14a2E2837 Test Method for Determining the Fire Resistance of Continuity Head-of-Wall Joint Systems Installed Between RatedWallAssemblies and Nonrated Horizontal AssembliesE2886/E2886M Test Method for Evaluating the Ability of Exterior Vents to Resist

32、 the Entry of Embers and Direct FlameImpingementE2912 Test Method for Fire Test of Non-Mechanical Fire Dampers Used in Vented Construction2.2 ISO Standards5:ISO 1182, Fire Tests-Building Materials-Non-Combustibility TestISO 13943, Fire Safety-Vocabulary3. Significance and Use3.1 DefinitionsTerms and

33、 related definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in all fire teststandards and in all fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which theyappear.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1

34、 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitions are intended to provide a precise understanding and interpretationof fire-test-response standards, fire-hazard-assessment standards, and fire-risk-assessment standards in which they appear.3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicab

35、le to the standard or standards in which the term is described and used.3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term, appearing respectively in two or more standards, are acceptable provided each oneis consistent with and not in conflict with the standard definition for the same term, that is, conce

36、pt.3.2.4 Each standard in which a term is used in a manner specially defined (see 1.1 and Section 5) shall list the term and itsdescription under the subheading, Definitions of Terms.3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with fire issues and not included in Terminology E176 are found in ISO 1394

37、3. Whendiscrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology E176 shall prevail.4. Terminology4.1 Terms and their standard definitions within the scope of this standard are given in Section 4 in alphabetical order. AnnexA1 contains the definitions of terms from the section on “Definitions of Terms Spec

38、ific to This Standard” from ASTM E05standards.4.2 Discussions associated with definitions are printed directly under the appropriate definition. The date following eachdefinition or discussion indicates the year of introduction or of latest revision of that particular definition or discussion.4.3 De

39、finitions:afterglow, npersistence of glowing combustion after both removal of the ignition source and the cessation of any flaming.(2005)6assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination of materials or products, or both. (1990)burn, vto undergo combustion. (1989)char, vto form carbonaceous

40、residue during pyrolysis or during incomplete combustion. (1979)char, na carbonaceous residue formed by pyrolysis or incomplete combustion. (1979)chimney effectupward movement of hot fire effluent caused by convection currents confined within an essentially verticalenclosure. (2006)DISCUSSIONThis us

41、ually draws more air into the fire. (2006)combustible, adjcapable of undergoing combustion. (1985)DISCUSSIONThe term combustible is often delimited to specific fire-exposure conditions. For example, building materials are considered combustible if they arecapable of undergoing combustion in air at p

42、ressures and temperatures that might occur during a fire in a building. Similarly, some materials that are5 Available from International Standardization Organization, ISO Central Secretariat 1, rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or AmericanNational Standards Institute, 1

43、1 West 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10046.6 Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision.E176 14a3not combustible under such conditions may be combustible when exposed to higher temperatures and pressures or to an oxygen-enriched environment.Materials that are not combustible in bu

44、lk form may be combustible in finely divided form. (1985)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce temperature rise and usually lighteither as a glow or flame. (See also glow and smoldering. ) (1989)combustion products, neffluent produced when a materi

45、al undergoes combustion (see also smoke; see also combustion).(2001)DISCUSSIONThe combustion process releases effluents that have mass, in gaseous, liquid, or solid form, and generates radiant energy, as heat or light, and sometimessound. However, the common usage of the term combustion products in

46、ASTM E05 standards is only for those which have mass. (2001)composite, nstructured combination of two or more discrete materials. (2008)continuous, adjin data collection, conducted at intervals of 5 s or less. (2008)effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heat generated per unit mass lost by a

47、material, product or assembly, whenexposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heat of combustion) (2003).DISCUSSIONThe effective heat of combustion depends on the test method and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by the mass loss during aspecified period of time under

48、 the specified test conditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided by the specifications of the firetest standard that cites effective heat of combustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions, involving very high heat and highoxygen concentrations und

49、er high pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approximate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire testconditions will represent or approximate certain real fire exposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typicalunits are kJ/g or MJ/kg. (2001)environment, nas related to fire, the conditions and surroundings that may influence the behavior of a material, product, orassembly when it is exposed to ignition sources or fire. (1989)fire, ndestructive burning as manifested by any or all of the following