ASTM D5975-2017 red 5000 Standard Test Method for Determining the Stability of Compost by Measuring Oxygen Consumption《通过测量氧消耗对堆肥的稳定性测定的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D5975 96 (Reapproved 2010)D5975 17Standard Test Method forDetermining the Stability of Compost by Measuring OxygenConsumption1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5975; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas

2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the stability of a compost sample by measuring oxygen consumption a

3、fter exposure of the testcompost to a well-stabilized compost under controlled-composting controlled composting conditions on a laboratory scaleinvolving active aeration. This test method is designed to yield reproducible and repeatable results under controlled conditions thatresemble the end of the

4、 active composting phase. The compost samples are exposed to a well-stabilized compost inoculum thatis prepared from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste or waste similar to the waste from which the test materials arederived. The aerobic composting takes place in an environment where temper

5、ature, aeration, and humidity are monitored closelyand controlled.1.2 This test method yields a cumulative amount of oxygen consumed/g of volatile solids in the samples over a four-day period.The rate of oxygen consumption is monitored as well.1.3 This test method is applicable to different types of

6、 compost samples including composts derived from wastes, such asmunicipal solid waste, yard waste, source-separated organics, biosolids, and other types of organic wastes that do not have toxicitylevels that are inhibitory to the microorganisms present in aerobic composting systems.1.4 The values st

7、ated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user

8、 of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationall

9、y recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D515 Test Method

10、 for Phosphorus In Water (Withdrawn 1997)3D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD1888 Methods Of Test for Particulate and Dissolved Matter in Water (Withdrawn 1989)3D2908 Practice for Measuring Volatile Organic Matter in Water by Aqueous-Injection Gas ChromatographyD

11、3590 Test Methods for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in WaterD4129 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Water by High Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric DetectionD5338 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under Controlled Composting Conditions,Incorporating T

12、hermophilic TemperaturesD5907 Test Methods for Filterable Matter (Total Dissolved Solids) and Nonfilterable Matter (Total Suspended Solids) in Water1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatm

13、ent,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Dec. 1, 2017. Published January 2010December 2017. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as D597596(2004).D5975 96 (2010). DOI: 10.1520/D5975-96R10.10.1520/D5975-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theA

14、STM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an i

15、ndication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to b

16、e considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D8001 Test Method for Determination ofTotal Nitrogen,Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen by Calculation, andTotal Phosphorus inWater,Wastewater by Ion Chromatograp

17、hy2.2 APHA-AWWA-WPCF Standards:325402540 D D Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103105C103105 C2540 E E Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550C550 C3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms in this test method appear in Terminology D883.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of the follo

18、wing:4.1.1 Selecting a compost sample for the determination of the stability.4.1.2 Producing a fully stabilized compost from a similar waste stream under well-controlled laboratory conditions.4.1.3 Exposing the compost test samples to the fully stabilized compost under controlled composting conditio

19、ns.4.1.4 Measuring the oxygen consumption rate and determining the cumulative oxygen consumption.4.2 Obtaining the level of stability from the cumulative oxygen consumption.5. Significance and Use5.1 A measurement of compost stability is needed for several reasons. It aids in assessing whether the c

20、omposting process hasproceeded sufficiently far to allow the finished compost to be used for its intended application. A different compost stability maybe required for different applications of the compost.5.2 A measurement of compost stability also is needed to verify whether a composting plant is

21、processing the waste topreviously agreed levels of stability. This measurement is useful in the commissioning of composting plants and the verificationof whether plant operators are satisfying permit requirements.5.3 The level of compost stability also will indicate its potential to cause odors if t

22、he compost is stored without aeration, as wellas the level to which it has been hygienized and how susceptible the compost is to renewed bacterial and possible pathogenicactivity. Compost stability is an important parameter with regard to phytotoxicity and plant tolerance of the compost.5.4 The dete

23、rmination of compost stability will allow the selection of well performing well-performing compostingtechnologies, as well as the safe application of compost in its various markets. The method indicates a degree of stability, but doesnot necessarily indicate that one level is preferable over another

24、 level of stability.6. Apparatus6.1 Stabilized-Compost Stabilized Compost Inoculum Preparation Bin (see Fig. 1):6.1.1 A stabilized-compost stabilized compost inoculum preparation bin with a volume of 100 to 200 L, with insulationsufficient to maintain composting temperatures of 50 to 65C65 C during

25、a period of at least two weeks when composting similarwaste as the waste from which the samples were derived, and equipped with air distribution plate, inlet and outlet, and airtight lid.6.1.2 Pressurized Air, provided to the composting bin at a precise and controllable rate up to 200 L/kg waste/day

26、.6.1.3 Thermometer, with temperature measurement up to 80C (6 2C).80 C (62 C).6.1.4 Suitable devices for measuring oxygen and CO2 (optional) concentrations in the exhaust air of the composting bin, suchas sensors or appropriate gas chromatography.6.2 Composting Apparatus (see Fig. 2):6.2.1 A series

27、of at least nine composting vessels (one test substance, one blank, one positive reference, all in three replicates)of 2 to 5 L of volume.6.2.2 Incubators, water baths, or other temperature controlling means capable of maintaining the temperature of the compostingvessels at 58C (6 2C). 25 C (62 C).6

28、.2.3 Pressurized-Air Pressurized Air System, providing H2O-saturated air to each of the composting vessels at the appropriateaeration rates.6.2.4 Suitable devices for measuring oxygen concentration in the exhaust air of the composting vessels, such as specific sensorsor appropriate gas chromatograph

29、y.6.3 Miscellaneous:6.3.1 Balance (6 1 (61 mg), to weigh sample and stabilized compost.6.3.2 Scales (6 0.1 (60.1 kg), to weigh composting waste for stabilized compost production.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.3 “StandardStandard Methods for the

30、Examination of Water and Wastewater,”Wastewater, 17th Edition, 1989, American Public Health Association, 1740 Broadway, NewYork, NY, 19919.D5975 172FIG. 1 Optional Set-Up Compost Preparation BinFIG. 2 Optional Set-Up Using Gas Chromatograph (see also Test Method D5338)D5975 1736.3.3 Normal laborator

31、y glassware, equipment, and chemicals.6.3.4 Suitable devices and analytical equipment for measuring dry solids (at 105C),105 C), volatile solids (at 550C),550 C),volatile fatty acids by aqueous-injection chromatography, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Analytical-grade cellul

32、ose (microcrystalline, as used in thin-layer chromatography) with a particle size of less than 10 m,10 m, for use as a positive control.8. Hazards8.1 This test method requires the use of hazardous chemicals. Avoid contact with the chemicals and follow manufacturersinstructions and Materials Safety D

33、ata Sheets (MSDS).(SDS).8.2 The waste materials used for the production of stabilized compost, or the compost samples may contain sharp objects. Takecare when handling.8.3 The composting vessels are not designed to withstand high pressures. The system should be operated at close to ambientpressure.8

34、.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.9.

35、 Stabilized Compost9.1 The stabilized compost, which serves as an inoculum and the test matrix, should be well-aerated compost two to four monthsold, coming from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste or source-separated organics, and sieved over a screen of 10 mm.It is recommended that the s

36、tabilized compost control consumes 15 to 80 mg of oxygen/g of volatile solids over the four-day testperiod. The stabilized compost must have a total solids content between 50 and 60 % on wet weight, an ash content of less than70 % on total solids, a pH between 7 and 8, and be free of volatile fatty

37、acids (less than 100 mg/L as acetic acid). The C/N ratioshould be between 10 and 20 and the C/P ratio between 30 and 60.9.2 The stabilized compost should be as free as possible of larger inert materials (for example, glass, stones, metals). Theseitems should be removed manually to produce a homogene

38、ous material.10. Test Samples10.1 The test sample must be representative of the compost that is being assessed for compost quality. Preferably the test sampleshould be a composite of various grab samples taken throughout the pile. Otherwise, take samples at various depths of a compostpile and analyz

39、e these compost samples separately to assess any variations within the compost pile itself.10.2 When adding the test sample compost to the stabilized compost, all basic composting parameters, such as oxygen in thecomposting vessel, porosity, and moisture content should be adjusted so as to make a go

40、od composting process possible. Oxygenlevels in the composting vessel should be at least 6 % at all times and no free-standing water nor clumps of material should bepresent.11. Procedure11.1 Preparation of the Samples:11.1.1 Obtain the stabilized compost inoculum from a properly operating laboratory

41、-scale composting bin processing a wastesimilar to the waste from which the test samples are derived.11.1.1.1 Screen the stabilized compost to less than 10 mm and manually remove and discard any large inert items (pieces ofglass, stone, wood) that went through the 10 mm 10-mm screen. Determine on th

42、e fraction less than 10 mm the volatile solids,dry solids, and carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents according to Test Methods D515D8001, D1888D5907, D3590, D4129,and APHA Test Methods 2540 D and 2540 E. Also determine pH and volatile fatty acids as described in 11.4.2. Add ammoniumchloride if t

43、he C/N ratio is more than 20 and adjust to a C/N ratio of 15. Add NaH2PO4 if the C/P is more than 60 and adjust toa C/P ratio of 45.11.1.1.2 Determine the volatile solids and dry solids of all the test sample composts in accordance with APHA TestMethods 2540 D and 2540 E.11.1.1.2 Weigh out precise a

44、mounts of stabilized compost inoculum and test sample compost (roughly 500 g of each percomposting vessel) and mix thoroughly. The relation between the dry weight of the stabilized compost and the dry weight of testmaterial should be about 1:1. Adjust with water the dry solids content of the mixture

45、 to approximately 50 %, and add the mixtureto three composting vessels. Weigh the vessels with contents. Compost samples stored for more than a few days should berefrigerated.11.1.1.3 The blank consists of the stabilized compost only, containing about 1000 g wet weight/composting vessel for each oft

46、he three replicates. For the positive control, add 50 g of microcrystalline cellulose to 1000 g of stabilized compost SamplesD5975 174obtained from compost operating at thermophilic temperatures should be held at room temperature for 24 h to allowre-establishment of mesophilic microorganisms.for4eac

47、h of the three replicates.11.1.2 Determine the volatile solids and dry solids of all the test sample composts in accordance withAPHATest Methods 2540D and 2540 E.11.1.3 Weigh out precise amounts of stabilized compost inoculum and test sample compost (roughly 500 g of each percomposting vessel) and m

48、ix thoroughly. The relation between the dry weight of the stabilized compost and the dry weight of testmaterial should be about 1:1. Adjust with water the dry solids content of the mixture to approximately 50 %, and add the mixtureto three composting vessels. Weigh the vessels with contents.11.1.4 T

49、he blank consists of the stabilized compost only, containing about 1000 g wet weight/composting vessel for each of thethree replicates. For the positive control, add 50 g of microcrystalline cellulose to 1000 g of stabilized compost for each of the threereplicates.11.2 Start-Up ProcedureInitiate aeration of the composting vessels with air-flowairflow rates that are sufficiently high toensure that oxygen levels do not drop below 6 % in the exhaust air. Oxygen levels should be closely controlled during the first36 h and measured at least four times dai