ASTM D4992-2007 Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control《侵蚀控制用岩石评定的标准实施规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4992 07Standard Practice forEvaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4992; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n

2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of rock to be used forerosion control. The complexity and extent of this evaluationwill be governe

3、d by the size and design requirements of theindividual project, the quantity and quality of rock required,and the potential risk for property damage or loss of humanlife.1.2 It is not intended that all of the evaluations listed in thispractice be addressed for every project. For some small, lesscrit

4、ical jobs, a visual inspection of the rock may be all that isnecessary. Several of the evaluations listed may be necessaryon large, complex, high-hazard projects. The intensity andnumber of evaluations made on any one project must bedetermined by the designer.1.3 Examination of the rock at the sourc

5、e, evaluation ofsimilar rock exposed to the environment at any field installa-tions, as well as laboratory tests may be necessary to determinethe properties of the rock as related to its predicted perfor-mance at the site of intended use (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).21.4 The examination of the rock at its sou

6、rce is essential toits evaluation for erosion control and aids in the planning of thesubsequent laboratory examinations. Very large pieces of rockup to several tons weight are used in the control of erosion;thus great care must be taken with the field descriptions and inthe sampling program to assur

7、e that zones of impurities orweaknesses that might not occur in ordinary size specimens arerecorded and evaluated for their deleterious potential under theconditions of intended use. It is necessary that the intendedmethod of rock removal be studied to ascertain whether thesamples taken will corresp

8、ond to the blasting, handling, andweathering history of the rock that will finally be used (3).1.5 The specific procedures employed in the laboratoryexaminations depend on the kind of rock, its characteristics,mineral components, macro and micro structure, and perhapsmost importantly, the intended u

9、se, size of the pieces, and theexposure conditions at the site of use (1, 2, 3, 4).1.6 It is assumed that this practice will be used by personnelwho are qualified by education and experience to plan thenecessary evaluations and to conduct them so that the neces-sary parameters of the subject rock wi

10、ll be defined. Therefore,this practice does not attempt to detail the laboratory tech-niques required, but rather to mention them and only detailthose properties that must be of special concern in the courseof the examination for rock to be used for erosion control.1.7 The values stated in SI units

11、are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea

12、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all

13、 aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspec

14、ts. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC 127 Test Method for Density, Rela

15、tive Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC 294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-crete AggregatesC 295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregatesfor Concrete1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct

16、responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for ErosionControl.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 4992 97 (2001).2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis s

17、tandard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of

18、this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C 535 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the LosAngeles MachineD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and

19、 ContainedFluidsD 3967 Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of IntactRock Core SpecimensD 5121 Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durabil-ity TestingD 5240 Test Method for Testing Rock Slabs to EvaluateSoundness of Riprap by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Mag-nesium SulfateD 5312 Test Method

20、 for Evaluation of Durability of Rockfor Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Condi-tionsD 6473 Test Method For Specific Gravity And Absorptionof Rock For Erosion Control3. Terminology3.1 Definitions for terms in this practice are in accordancewith Terminology D 653 except as noted in 3.2.3.2

21、Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 rock mass propertieslithologic properties of rockand its discontinuities that must be evaluated on a macroscopicscale in the field.3.2.2 rock material propertieslithologic properties of rockthat can be evaluated using an in-hand sample either in t

22、he fieldor in the laboratory.3.2.3 shot rock(synonym for quarry run); unprocessedstone produced from a source primarily by blasting. The termdoes not indicate stone size or gradation.4. Significance and Use4.1 The field examination and petrographic examination inthis practice along with appropriate

23、laboratory testing may beused to determine the suitability of rock for erosion control. Itshould identify and delineate areas or zones of the rock, beds,and facies of unsuitable or marginal composition and proper-ties due to weathering, alteration, structural weaknesses, po-rosity, and other potenti

24、ally deleterious characteristics.4.2 Both the rock mass properties and the rock materialproperties must be evaluated.4.2.1 The rock mass properties are the lithologic propertiesof the in situ rock that must be evaluated on a macroscopicscale in the field. These would include features such asfracture

25、s, joints, faults, bedding, schistosity, and lineations, aswell as the lateral and vertical extent of the rock unit.4.2.2 The rock material properties are those lithologicproperties that may be evaluated using small specimens andthus can be subject to meaningful laboratory testing. Theseproperties w

26、ould include mineral composition, grain size, rockhardness, degree of weathering, porosity, unit weight, andmany others.4.3 Rock proposed for use in erosion control applicationswill normally be classified as either filter bedding stone, riprapstone, armor stone, or breakwater stone. However, thesepr

27、ocedures may be also extended to rocks used in groin andgabion structures.5. Planning5.1 A plan and schedule of the field examination andsubsequent laboratory examination should include a review ofall available information about the source rock and the purposefor which it is intended. State geologic

28、al surveys, geologicaldivisions of state transportation departments, and geology/environmental departments of universities near the source to beexamined are generally good sources of information. A localengineering geologist should also be consulted, to gain allcollateral information that might be u

29、seful in examining thesource site and any project installations, and in the planning ofthe laboratory test requirements.5.2 This review may provide the name of the rock unit andkey to lithologic descriptions, previous examinations, andstructural and compositional characteristics affecting the rockin

30、 its intended use, as well as test data. The information mayfurther assist in planning the examinations and alternatives toproblems such as vertical quarry faces.6. Materials and Equipment for Examinations6.1 Equipment for the field examination will be at theinvestigators discretion. A checklist of

31、equipment may in-clude, but not be limited to, the following:6.1.1 Geologistss Pick or Hammer.6.1.2 Hand Lens.6.1.3 Sledge Hammer.6.1.4 Bottle of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid (3 parts water, 1part HCl).6.1.5 Tape or Scale.6.1.6 Rock Scratching Tool, Knife, or Dissecting Needle.6.1.7 Brunton Compass.6.1.

32、8 Camera.6.1.9 Note Book.6.1.10 Sample Bags.6.1.11 Marking Pens or Spray Paint.6.2 Apparatus and Supplies for Petrographic Examination:6.2.1 The apparatus and supplies listed for petrographicexamination in Practice C 295 will be those required for thisstandard practice except that some of the equipm

33、ent forhandling the large pieces of rock should be of larger size asoutlined below.6.2.1.1 Circular Diamond Saw, of the type described inPractice D 5121.NOTE 1Some laboratories have fabricated reciprocating saws that cutwith diamond powder in a slurry. Such saws can be made capable ofcutting almost

34、any size rock specimen.6.2.1.2 Horizontal Grinding Wheel, minimum of 400 mm(16 in.) diameter.6.2.1.3 Polishing Wheel, minimum of 400 mm (16 in.)diameter.NOTE 2When the first saw cut is smooth, as when fabricated with asmooth edged circular diamond saw running in an oil bath, vibrating lapsmay be sub

35、stituted for the horizontal grinding wheel and the polishing lap.These laps may be obtained in sizes up to 675 mm (27 in.) in diameter.These large vibratory laps will be a useful addition and will completelysubstitute for the polishing lap. Considerable effort must be expended tokeep vibratory laps

36、clean and the abrasives free of contamination.D49920726.2.1.4 Stereoscopic MicroscopeThe stereoscopic micro-scope shall have a zoom lens from 10 to 1203.The microscopeshall be mounted on an arm that can swing over the specimenor alternatively have a specially constructed stage of large sizeto facili

37、tate the handling of the large specimen slabs that willbe required.6.2.1.5 Petrographic Microscope, shall be as described inPractice C 295. Optionally, for the detection of very smallmicrocracks, it may be equipped with incident ultraviolet lightfor use with thin sections impregnated with a fluoresc

38、ing dye(7).NOTE 3Special types of thin sections will probably require additionalpreparation equipment. An example is given in Ref (7).6.3 Thin Section Fabrication:6.3.1 Laboratories may find that they can obtain good,rapid, individualized service from a geological laboratory thatspecializes in the f

39、abrication of thin sections. When choosingsuch a laboratory, considerations should include the following.6.3.1.1 Time between sending off the rock fragments orprepared chips and return of the finished sections.6.3.1.2 Will adjacent rock fragments or slices be returnedfor further examination or archi

40、val use, or both?6.3.1.3 Costs involved.6.3.1.4 Charges and any extra time required for speciallyprepared sections: special large size, epoxy impregnated,impregnated with special dyes, and thin sections thinned to lessthan the standard 30 m (10 to 15 m required for fine grainedrock and for detection

41、 of fine microcracking, certain deleteri-ous textures and substances).6.3.1.5 Workload.6.3.1.6 Quality of work.6.3.2 Laboratories should consider obtaining their ownthin-section equipment whenever workload, space, and finan-cial considerations permit if experienced personnel are avail-able or obtain

42、able to fabricate the sections. In-house equipmentallows for much greater versatility of operation. As theknowledge of the rock material accumulates through examina-tion of finely lapped slabs and hand specimens, and from theresults of laboratory testing, it will invariably be found that thefirst es

43、timate of the proper number, location of “chips” andtypes of thin sections requires amending.6.4 Photographic Facilities Should Be Capable of Produc-ing the Following:6.4.1 Photographs of quarries and other rock sources, in useplacements of rock and natural outcrops of rocks under theproposed condit

44、ions of exposure,6.4.2 Close-up photographs of rock specimens, cores,chunks, and slabs,6.4.3 Photographs taken through the stereoscopic micro-scope (easily usable equipment can be obtained from themicroscope manufacturer), and6.4.4 Photographs taken through the petrographic micro-scope (easily usabl

45、e equipment can be obtained from themicroscope manufacturer).7. Field Examination7.1 The field examination is an integral part of the totalevaluation of the rock for its use in erosion control projects.The geologic scientist conducting the field examination musthave knowledge of the intended use of

46、the rock and of the sizepieces that will be required and the environment to which therock will be subjected. The scientist must also be familiar withthe laboratory tests that are most apt to be conducted in orderthat appropriate samples may be obtained.7.2 During the field examination determine the

47、following:7.2.1 The type of quarry and its development plan. Theblasting procedures that are or will be employed. Note blastinghole diameter, hole depth, spacing, angle, amount of overbur-den, types of explosives, distribution, and sequences. Theexpected 8curing time, the interval between blasting o

48、r otherremoval from the bedrock, and the size sorting and finalinspection and evaluation for use in the intended placement (1,2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10).7.2.2 The general lithology and, if possible, geologic unitand age.7.2.3 Homogeneity throughout the proposed source. In par-ticular note the stratigraphic

49、facies, metamorphic and weath-ering phases, and lateral extent of each.7.2.4 Dip and strike of the bedding, lineation, or both,should be noted as well as the dip and strike of any structuralfeatures, zones of brecciation, partings, solution features,schistosity, foliation, diastrophic joints, faults, folds, dikes,veins, and etc. Any joints due to overburden-relief must berecorded.7.2.5 The thickness of the bedding, and the presence anddistance between any poorly indurated beds or facies. Thedistance between any regular zones of weakness such as joints,weakly filled veins,