ASTM D4956-2009 Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control.pdf

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1、Designation: D 4956 09Standard Specification forRetroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4956; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n

2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers flexible, non-exposed glassbe

3、ad lens and microprismatic, retroreflective sheeting designedfor use on traffic control signs, delineators, barricades, andother devices.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided

4、for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 7, of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the

5、 userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B 209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateB 209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminu

6、m-AlloySheet and Plate (Metric)B 449 Specification for Chromates on AluminumE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE 810 Test Method for Coefficient of Retroreflection ofRetroreflective Shee

7、ting Utilizing the Coplanar GeometryE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristicsof Retroreflectors Under Nighttime ConditionsE 991 Practice for Color Measurement of FluorescentSpecimens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color Eva

8、luationE 1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-ColorSpecimens by SpectrophotometryE 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryE

9、2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjects from Bispectral Photometric DataE 2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE 2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties ofFluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materi-al

10、s for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal SafetyApplications Using 45:Normal GeometryG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental ExposureTesting of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonme-tallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG 151 Prac

11、tice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG 152 Practice for Operating Open Flame CarbonArc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms are as described inTerminology E 284 and Pract

12、ice E 808.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 reboundable sheeting, nretroreflective material in-tended to be attached to flexible impact resistant plasticdevices, such as traffic drum-like channelizing devices.4. Classification4.1 Retroreflective sheeting shall consist of a whi

13、te orcolored sheeting having a smooth outer surface and thatessentially has the property of a retroreflector over its entiresurface. There are nine types and five classes of retroreflective1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the dire

14、ct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 4956 071.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact

15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.sheeting. Types are determ

16、ined by conformance to the retrore-flectance, color, and durability requirements listed in 6.1 andmay be of any construction providing that those requirementsare met. Type designation is provided as a means for differen-tiating functional performance. Typical examples of applica-tions are provided f

17、or descriptive information only and are notintended to be limitations or recommendations. Commonidentifiers for each type are listed in 4.2.4.1.1 The typical applications for the retroreflective sheet-ing addressed in this specification are:Type Typical ApplicationI Highway signing, construction-zon

18、e devices, and delineatorsII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIV Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsV DelineatorsVI Temporary roll-up signs, warning signs, traffic cone collars, and postb

19、andsVII This type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIVIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIX Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsX This type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIXI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delin

20、eators4.2 Retroreflective sheeting shall be classified as follows(the type sequence is not indicative of performance level):4.2.1 Type IA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “en-gineering grade” that is typically an enclosed lens glass-beadsheeting. Applications for this material include permane

21、nthighway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.2 Type IIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“super engineer grade” that is typically an enclosed lensglass-bead sheeting. Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators

22、.4.2.3 Type IIIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“high-intensity” that is typically manufactured as an encapsu-lated glass-bead retroreflective material or as an unmetalizedmicroprismatic retroreflective element material. Applicationsfor this material include permanent highway signing, constr

23、uc-tion zone devices, and delineators.4.2.4 Type IVA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“high-intensity” that is typically an unmetalized micropris-matic retroreflective element material. Applications for thismaterial include permanent highway signing, constructionzone devices, and delineators.4

24、.2.5 Type VA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“super high-intensity” that is typically a metalized micropris-matic retroreflective element material. This sheeting is typi-cally used for delineators.4.2.6 Type VIAn elastomeric retroreflective sheetingwithout adhesive. This sheeting is typically

25、 a vinyl micropris-matic retroreflective material. Applications include orangetemporary roll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars, and postbands.4.2.7 Type VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type VII have been reclassified as TypeVIII. The use of a designation as Type

26、VII has been discon-tinued.4.2.8 Type VIIIA retroreflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.9 Type IXA retror

27、eflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.10 Type XRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified

28、as Type X have been reclassified as Type VIII.The use of a designation as Type X has been discontinued.4.2.11 Type XIA retroreflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highw

29、ay signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.NOTE 1All retroreflective sheetings, but especially microprismaticsheetings, may have unique performance characteristics outside of therange of the standard geometries presented in the tables that define thetypes. Certain applications may require

30、 the use of a particular productwithin a particular type in order to achieve a desired level of retroreflec-tivity in a given situation. In these cases, information concerningadditional performance characteristics must be obtained.4.3 Backing ClassesThe backing required for retroreflec-tive sheeting

31、 shall be classified as follows:4.3.1 Class 1The adhesive backing shall be pressure-sensitive, require no heat, solvent, or other preparation foradhesion to smooth, clean surfaces.4.3.2 Class 2The adhesive backing shall have an adhesivethat shall be activated by applying heat and pressure to themate

32、rial. The temperature necessary to form a durable perma-nent bond shall be a minimum of 150F (66C).4.3.2.1 The Class 2 material shall be repositionable undernormal shop conditions and at substrate temperatures up to100F (38C) and without damage to the material. The Class 2material may be perforated

33、to facilitate removal of air inheat-vacuum laminators, but the perforations must be of a sizeand frequency such that they do not cause objectionableblemishes when the sheeting is printed.4.3.3 Class 3The adhesive backing shall have a position-able low-tack pressure-sensitive adhesive that requires n

34、o heat,solvent, or other preparation for adhesion to smooth, cleansurfaces. It shall be repositionable up to a temperature of 100F(38C) without damage to the material.4.3.4 Class 4The adhesive backing shall have a low-temperature pressure-sensitive adhesive that permits sheetingapplications at tempe

35、ratures down to +20F (7C) without theaid of heat, solvent, or other preparation for adhesion tosmooth, dry, clean surfaces.4.3.5 Class 5This shall be a nonadhesive backing made ofmaterial commercially used for self-supporting products suchas traffic cone collars, temporary roll-up warning signs, and

36、post bands.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser using this specification shall include thefollowing information:5.1.1 ASTM designation (D 4956),5.1.2 Classification type (see Section 4),D49560925.1.3 Adhesive class (see 4.3),5.1.4 Daytime color (see 6.3),5.1.5 Length and width of sheets (see 8.1

37、),5.1.6 Length and width of rolls (see 8.2),5.1.7 Supplementary information, if required by the pur-chaser, including:5.1.7.1 Compliance with the minimum coefficient of ret-roreflection for 0.1 observation angle is a supplementaryrequirement which shall apply only when specified. An obser-vation ang

38、le of 0.1 may be specified where the long distanceperformance of a sheeting is to be a requirement,5.1.7.2 Fungus-resistance testing requirements (see Supple-mentary Requirement S1), and5.1.7.3 Reboundable sheeting requirements (see Supple-mentary Requirement S2),5.1.8 Indication that the sheeting i

39、s intended for work zoneuse, if applicable, to determine which weathering requirementsapply, and5.1.9 Any additional information.6. Performance Requirements6.1 This is a summary of the minimum performance re-quirements for each type of retroreflective sheeting.6.1.1 Type IMinimum Coefficient of Retr

40、oreflectionTable 1; Outdoor Weathering24 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.2 Type IIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 3; Outdoor Weathering36

41、 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.3 Type IIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 4; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance Fact

42、orTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.4 Type IVMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 5; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When shee

43、t-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.5 Type VMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 6; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work

44、zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.6 Type VIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 7; Outdoor Weathering6 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2.6.1.7 Type VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type VII have been reclassified as Ty

45、peVIII.6.1.8 Type VIIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 8; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.9 Type IXMinimum Coefficien

46、t of RetroreflectionTable 9; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.10 Type XRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified

47、as Type X have been reclassified as Type VIII.6.1.11 Type XIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 10; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12

48、 months.6.2 Coeffcient of RetroreflectionThe coefficient of ret-roreflection shall meet or exceed the minimum requirementsTABLE 1 Type I SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngleWhite Yellow Orange Green Red Blue Brown0.2 4 70 50 25 9.0 14 4.0 1.00.2 + 30 30 22 7.0 3.5 6.0 1.7 0.30.5 4 30 25 13 4.5 7.5

49、 2.0 0.30.5 + 30 15 13 4.0 2.2 3.0 0.8 0.2AMinimum Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA) cd/fc/ft2(cdlx1m2).TABLE 2 Daytime Luminance Factor (Y %)AColorUnmetalized MetalizedMinimum Maximum Minimum MaximumWhite 27 . 15Yellow 15 45 12 30Orange 10 30 7.0 25Green 3.0 12 2.5 11Red 2.5 15 2.5 11Blue 1.0 10 1.0 10Brown 1.0 9.0 1.0 9.0Fluorescent Yellow-Green 60Fluorescent Yellow 40Fluorescent Orange 20AThe luminance factors shown for fluorescent colors consist of the sum of areflectance luminance facto