ASTM D4850-2013e1 Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods《织物及织物试验方法相关标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4850 131Standard Terminology Relating toFabrics and Fabric Test Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETerms were added editorially in September 2016.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical termsused in the industry related to textil

3、e fabrics. Terms that aregenerally understood or adequately defined in other readilyavailable sources are not included. Other terminology stan-dards that have terms related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile

4、FabricsD1230 Test Method for Flammability of Apparel TextilesD1336 Test Method for Distortion of Yarn in Woven FabricsD1388 Test Method for Stiffness of FabricsD1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byFalling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) ApparatusD1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation

5、of WideElastic Fabrics (Withdrawn 2000)3D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsD2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by theTongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)D2594 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted FabricsHaving Low

6、PowerD2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and LaminatedApparel FabricsD2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Wo-ven from Stretch YarnsD3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Chan

7、ges of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling TesterD3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD3773 Test Methods for Len

8、gth of Woven FabricD3774 Test Method for Width of Textile FabricD3775 Test Method for Warp (End) and Filling (Pick) Countof Woven FabricsD3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricD3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of TextileFabricsDiaphragm Bursting Strength Tester MethodD3787

9、Test Method for Bursting Strength of TextilesConstant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst TestD3789 Practice for Labeling Cans of Consumer Spray Paint(Withdrawn 1997)3D3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven andKnitted FabricsD3883 Test Method for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up inWoven FabricsD3884 Gu

10、ide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D3887 Specification for Tolerances for

11、 Knitted FabricsD3939 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Mace)D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the CircularBend ProcedureD4033 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at theSewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic FatigueMethod)

12、 (Withdrawn 2001)3D4034 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at theSewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics (Withdrawn2001)3D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is

13、the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,General.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4850 12. DOI:10.1520/D4850-13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website

14、, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 1

15、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D4390 Practice for Evaluation of the Performance of TerryBathroom Products for Household Use (Withdrawn1994)3D4772 Test Method for Surface Water

16、Absorption of TerryFabrics (Water Flow)D4350 Test Method for Corrosivity Index of Plastics andFillersD4685 Test Method for Pile Fabric AbrasionD4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4851 Test Metho

17、ds for Coated and Laminated Fabrics forArchitectural UseD4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of ElasticFabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile TestingMachine)D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D4970 Test Method for Pilling

18、Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale TesterD5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Grab Test)D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distributio

19、n ofManufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D5278 Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fab-rics (Static-Load Testing)D5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Bean Bag)D5378 Performance Specification for Woven and KnittedShower Curtains for Institutional and Household UseD54

20、26 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fab-rics Used for Inflatable RestraintsD5430 Test Methods for Visually Inspecting and GradingFabricsD5446 Practice for Determining Physical Properties ofFabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in InflatableRestraintsD5587 Test Method for Tearing Stren

21、gth of Fabrics byTrapezoid ProcedureD5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor CoveringsD5793 Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length orWidth of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringsD6207 Test Method for Dimensional Stability of Fabrics toChanges in Humidity and TemperatureD6614 Test Method for Stretch Prop

22、erties of Textile Fabrics CRE MethodD6674 Guide for Proficiency Test Program for FabricsD6770 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileWebbing (Hex Bar Method)D6797 Test Method for Bursting Strength of FabricsConstant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Ball Burst Test3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:abrasion

23、, nthe wearing away of any part of a material byrubbing against another surface. D3884, D3885, D3886,D4157, D4158, D4685, D4966abrasion cycle, none complete movement across the surfaceof a material.DISCUSSIONThe complete movement for an abrasion cycle isdependent on the action of the abrasion machin

24、e and the test methodused. It may consist of one back-and-forth unidirectional movement orone circular movement, or a combination of both. D3885abrasion cycle, nfor the Martindale Abrasion Tester, 16 rubsrequired to complete a geometric shape, known as aLissajous. D4966abrasion cycle, nin abrasion t

25、esting, one or more move-ments of the abradant across a material surface, or thematerial surface across the abradant, that permits a return toits starting position.DISCUSSIONThe abrasion cycle is dependent on the programmedmotions of the abrasion machine and the test standard used. It mayconsist of

26、one back-and-forth unidirectional movement such as for theflexing and abrasion test method; a circular movement such as for therotary platform test method, or a combination of both such as for theinflated diaphragm test method. For the oscillatory cylinder abrasionmethod, an abrasion cycle consists

27、of one double-rub. See double-rub.D13.60 D4157, D6770absorption, na process in which one material (the absorbent)takes in or absorbs another (the absorbate); as the absorptionof moisture by fibers. D13.59 D4772accuracy, nof a test method, the degree of agreementbetween the true value of the property

28、 being tested (oraccepted standard value) and the average of many observa-tions made according to the test method, preferably by manyobservers. D13.60 D2906, D6674air permeability, nthe rate of air flow passing perpendicularthrough a known area under a prescribed air pressuredifferential between the

29、 two surfaces of a material.DISCUSSIONAir permeability of fabric at a stated pressure differen-tial between two surfaces of the fabric is generally expressed in SI unitsas cm3/s/cm2and in inch-pound units as ft3/min/ft2calculated inoperating conditions. (See permeability, porosity.) D737air-supporte

30、d roof, na fabric roof-system that is properlysecured and primarily supported and held in place by airpressure. D4851architectural-use, nin the building trade, a descriptive termfor fabrics used in fabric roof-systems or similar industrialapplications. (See also fabric roof-system.) D4851bagging, na

31、ny material, such as fabric or other suitablematerial used to protect commodities during shipment and/orstorage.DISCUSSIONFabrics may be of the woven, knitted, or non-woventype, and are typically produced with cotton, jute, polyethylene, orpolypropylene fibers. D4850batch sample, nthe material(s) us

32、ed for the proficiency teststudy taken from a common roll or garment lot and distrib-uted to the participants. D13.60 D6674D4850 1312bending length, n(1) generala measure of the interactionbetween fabric weight and fabric stiffness as shown by theway in which a fabric bends under its own weight. It

33、reflectsthe stiffness of a fabric when bent in one plane under theforce of gravity, and is one component of drape; (2)specificthe cube root of the ratio of the flexural rigidity tothe weight per unit area. D1388bias, nin statistics, a constant or systematic error in testresults. D13.60 D6674blister,

34、 nin bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, a bulge,swelling, or similar surface condition on either the facefabric or the backing fabric characterized by the fabric beingraised from the plane of the underlying component over alimited area to give a puffy appearance. D2724bond strength, nof bonded, fu

35、sed, or laminated fabrics, thetensile force expressed in ounces per 25 mm (1 in.) of width,required to separate the component layers under specifiedconditions. D2724bonded fabric, na layered fabric structure wherein a face orshell fabric is joined to a backing fabric, such as tricot, withan adhesive

36、 that does not significantly add to the thickness ofthe combined fabrics. (See also laminated fabric, coatedfabric.) D2724book fold, na fabric doubled selvage to selvage, then foldedback and forth upon itself in predetermined lengths. (Seealso shoe fold.)DISCUSSIONWhen the piece is completed, the fo

37、ld-edges on eachside are folded once more upon themselves so that the fold-edges areinside, forming a compact package as long as one half the width of thefabric. D4850bow, na fabric condition resulting when filling yarns orknitted courses are displaced from a line perpendicular to theselvages and fo

38、rm one or more arcs across the width of thefabric. (See also double bow.) D3882, D3990braided fabric, na structure produced by interlacing three ormore ends of yarns in a manner such that the paths of theyarns are diagonal to the vertical axis of the fabric. D4850breaking force, nthe maximum force a

39、pplied to a materialcarried to rupture (compare breaking point, breakingstrength). D13.60 D3884, D3885, D4157, D4848, D5034,D5035, D6770breaking load, ndeprecated term. Use breaking force.D13.60 D4848, D5034broken end, nin woven fabrics, a void in the warp directiondue to yarn breakage. D3990bubbleS

40、ee preferred term blister. D13.59 D2724burlap, na coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of yarns, suchas bast or cotton fiber yarn. D4850bursting strength, nthe force or pressure required to rupturea textile by distending it with a force, applied at right anglesto the plane of the fabric, under specifie

41、d conditions.DISCUSSIONThe angle of application of force, and the area of thefabric upon which the force is applied varies continuously as the fabricstretches when it is tested as directed in this method. D6797bursting strength, nthe force or pressure required to rupturea fabric by distending it wit

42、h a force, applied at right anglesto the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions. D3786,D3787, D3887calibrate, nto determine and record the relationship betweena set of standard units of measure and the output of aninstrument or test procedure. D13.60 D6674circular bend, nsimultaneous, multi

43、directional deformationof a fabric in which one face of a flat specimen becomesconcave and the other becomes convex. D4032coated fabric, na flexible material composed of a fabric andany adherent polymeric material applied to one or bothsurfaces. (See also laminated fabric.) D4850, D4851,D5446color c

44、ontrast, nin textiles, a general term for a visible colordifference between two adjacent areas.DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of Test Methods D3939 and D5362,acolor contrast is a visible color difference between a snag and theimmediate surrounding area of the fabric that has no defects. Colorcontrasts of

45、ten occur when printed fabrics are snagged. D3939,D5362constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine (CRE),na testing machine in which the rate of increase of thespecimen length is uniform with time. D6797constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testingmachinea testing machine in which the rate

46、 of increase ofspecimen length is uniform with time. D13.60 D5035constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine(CRE), nin tensile testing, an apparatus in which thepulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance withincreasing force, less

47、 than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.). D3787constant-rate-of-load (CRL) tensile testing machinea test-ing machine in which the rate of increase of the load beingapplied to the specimen is uniform with time after the first 3s. D13.60 D4964, D5035, D5034constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing machineatest

48、ing machine in which the pulling clamp moves at auniform rate and the load is applied through the other clampwhich moves appreciably to actuate a weighing mechanism,so that the rate of increase of load or elongation is dependentupon the extension characteristics of the specimen. D13.60D3787, D5035,

49、D5034corduroy, na filling cut-pile fabric in which the cut fibersform a surface of wales (rounded cords or ribs) whichusually run warpwise. D4685, D4850count, nin woven fabric, the number of warp yarns (ends)and filling yarns (picks) per unit distance as counted whilethe fabric is held under zero tension, and is free of folds andwrinkles. D3775D4850 1313count, nin knitted fabrics, the number (counted units) ofwale loops and course loops per 25 mm (1 in.). D3787course, nin knitted fabrics, a row of succ