ASTM D4850-2013(2017)e1 Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods.pdf

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1、Designation: D4850 13 (Reapproved 2017)1Standard Terminology Relating toFabrics and Fabric Test Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev

2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETerms from Test Method D3774 were added editorially in August 2018.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms

3、used in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that aregenerally understood or adequately defined in other readilyavailable sources are not included. Other terminology stan-dards that have terms related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.11.2 This international standard was developed in accor

4、-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM

5、 Standards:2D737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile FabricsD1230 Test Method for Flammability of Apparel TextilesD1336 Test Method for Distortion of Yarn in Woven FabricsD1388 Test Method for Stiffness of FabricsD1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byFalling-Pendulum (Elmendorf

6、-Type) ApparatusD1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of WideElastic Fabrics (Withdrawn 2000)3D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile MaterialsD2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by theTongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)D2594 Tes

7、t Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted FabricsHaving Low PowerD2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and LaminatedApparel FabricsD2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Wo-ven from Stretch YarnsD3511 Tes

8、t Method for Pilling Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling TesterD3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Changes

9、of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD3773 Test Methods for Length of Woven FabricD3774 Test Method for Width of Textile FabricD3775 Test Method for End (Warp) and Pick (Filling) Countof Woven FabricsD3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricD3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of

10、TextileFabricsDiaphragm Bursting Strength Tester MethodD3787 Test Method for Bursting Strength of TextilesConstant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst TestD3789 Practice for Labeling Cans of Consumer Spray Paint(Withdrawn 1997)3D3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven andKnitted FabricsD3883 Test M

11、ethod for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up inWoven FabricsD3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflat

12、ed Diaphragm Apparatus)D3887 Specification for Tolerance for Knitted Fabrics(Withdrawn 2017)3D3939 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Mace)D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibil

13、ity of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,General.Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4850 13. DOI:10.1520/D4850-13R17E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

14、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri

15、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations is

16、sued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the CircularBend ProcedureD4033 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at theSewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic FatigueMethod) (Withdrawn 2001)3D4034 Test Method

17、for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at theSewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics (Withdrawn2001)3D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D4390 Practice for Evaluation of the Performanc

18、e of TerryBathroom Products for Household Use (Withdrawn1994)3D4772 Test Method for Surface Water Absorption of TerryFabrics (Water Flow)D4350 Test Method for Corrosivity Index of Plastics andFillersD4685 Test Method for Pile Fabric AbrasionD4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated

19、Properties of TextilesD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4851 Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics forArchitectural UseD4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of ElasticFabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile TestingMachine)D4966 Test Method for Abras

20、ion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other RelatedSurface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale TesterD5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Grab Test)D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force

21、and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofManufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D5278 Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fab-rics (Static-Load Testing)D5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Bean Bag)D5378 Per

22、formance Specification for Woven and KnittedShower Curtains for Institutional and Household UseD5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fab-rics Used for Inflatable RestraintsD5430 Test Methods for Visually Inspecting and GradingFabricsD5446 Practice for Determining Physical Properties o

23、fFabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in InflatableRestraintsD5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byTrapezoid ProcedureD5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor CoveringsD5793 Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length orWidth of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringsD6207 Test Method for Dimens

24、ional Stability of Fabrics toChanges in Humidity and TemperatureD6614 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Textile Fabrics CRE MethodD6674 Guide for Proficiency Test Program for FabricsD6770 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileWebbing (Hex Bar Method)D6797 Test Method for Bursting Strengt

25、h of FabricsConstant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Ball Burst Test3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of a material byrubbing against another surface. D3884, D3885, D3886,D4157, D4158, D4685, D4966abrasion cycle, none complete movement across the surfaceof a material.DISC

26、USSIONThe complete movement for an abrasion cycle isdependent on the action of the abrasion machine and the test methodused. It may consist of one back-and-forth unidirectional movement orone circular movement, or a combination of both. D3885abrasion cycle, nfor the Martindale Abrasion Tester, 16 ru

27、bsrequired to complete a geometric shape, known as aLissajous. D4966abrasion cycle, nin abrasion testing, one or more move-ments of the abradant across a material surface, or thematerial surface across the abradant, that permits a return toits starting position.DISCUSSIONThe abrasion cycle is depend

28、ent on the programmedmotions of the abrasion machine and the test standard used. It mayconsist of one back-and-forth unidirectional movement such as for theflexing and abrasion test method; a circular movement such as for therotary platform test method, or a combination of both such as for theinflat

29、ed diaphragm test method. For the oscillatory cylinder abrasionmethod, an abrasion cycle consists of one double-rub. See double-rub.D13.60 D4157, D6770absorption, na process in which one material (the absorbent)takes in or absorbs another (the absorbate); as the absorptionof moisture by fibers. D13.

30、59 D4772accuracy, nof a test method, the degree of agreementbetween the true value of the property being tested (oraccepted standard value) and the average of many observa-tions made according to the test method, preferably by manyobservers. D13.60 D2906, D6674air permeability, nthe rate of air flow

31、 passing perpendicularthrough a known area under a prescribed air pressuredifferential between the two surfaces of a material.DISCUSSIONAir permeability of fabric at a stated pressure differen-tial between two surfaces of the fabric is generally expressed in SI unitsas cm3/s/cm2and in inch-pound uni

32、ts as ft3/min/ft2calculated inoperating conditions. (See permeability, porosity.) D737air-supported roof, na fabric roof-system that is properlysecured and primarily supported and held in place by airpressure. D4851architectural-use, nin the building trade, a descriptive termfor fabrics used in fabr

33、ic roof-systems or similar industrialapplications. (See also fabric roof-system.) D4851D4850 13 (2017)12bagging, nany material, such as fabric or other suitablematerial used to protect commodities during shipment and/orstorage.DISCUSSIONFabrics may be of the woven, knitted, or non-woventype, and are

34、 typically produced with cotton, jute, polyethylene, orpolypropylene fibers. D4850batch sample, nthe material(s) used for the proficiency teststudy taken from a common roll or garment lot and distrib-uted to the participants. D13.60 D6674bending length, n(1) generala measure of the interactionbetwee

35、n fabric weight and fabric stiffness as shown by theway in which a fabric bends under its own weight. It reflectsthe stiffness of a fabric when bent in one plane under theforce of gravity, and is one component of drape; (2)specificthe cube root of the ratio of the flexural rigidity tothe weight per

36、unit area. D1388bias, nin statistics, a constant or systematic error in testresults. D13.60 D6674blister, nin bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, a bulge,swelling, or similar surface condition on either the facefabric or the backing fabric characterized by the fabric beingraised from the plane of t

37、he underlying component over alimited area to give a puffy appearance. D2724bond strength, nof bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, thetensile force expressed in ounces per 25 mm (1 in.) of width,required to separate the component layers under specifiedconditions. D2724bonded fabric, na layered fabr

38、ic structure wherein a face orshell fabric is joined to a backing fabric, such as tricot, withan adhesive that does not significantly add to the thickness ofthe combined fabrics. (See also laminated fabric, coatedfabric.) D2724book fold, na fabric doubled selvage to selvage, then foldedback and fort

39、h upon itself in predetermined lengths. (Seealso shoe fold.)DISCUSSIONWhen the piece is completed, the fold-edges on eachside are folded once more upon themselves so that the fold-edges areinside, forming a compact package as long as one half the width of thefabric. D4850bow, na fabric condition res

40、ulting when filling yarns orknitted courses are displaced from a line perpendicular to theselvages and form one or more arcs across the width of thefabric. (See also double bow.) D3882, D3990braided fabric, na structure produced by interlacing three ormore ends of yarns in a manner such that the pat

41、hs of theyarns are diagonal to the vertical axis of the fabric. D4850breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to a materialcarried to rupture (compare breaking point, breakingstrength). D13.60 D3884, D3885, D4157, D4848, D5034,D5035, D6770breaking load, ndeprecated term. Use breaking force.D13.60

42、D4848, D5034broken end, nin woven fabrics, a void in the warp directiondue to yarn breakage. D3990bubbleSee preferred term blister. D13.59 D2724burlap, na coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of yarns, suchas bast or cotton fiber yarn. D4850bursting strength, nthe force or pressure required to rupturea

43、 textile by distending it with a force, applied at right anglesto the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe angle of application of force, and the area of thefabric upon which the force is applied varies continuously as the fabricstretches when it is tested as directed in thi

44、s method. D6797bursting strength, nthe force or pressure required to rupturea fabric by distending it with a force, applied at right anglesto the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions. D3786,D3787, D3887calibrate, vto determine and record the relationship betweena set of standard units of

45、measure and the output of aninstrument or test procedure. D13.60 D6674circular bend, nsimultaneous, multidirectional deformationof a fabric in which one face of a flat specimen becomesconcave and the other becomes convex. D4032coated fabric, na flexible material composed of a fabric andany adherent

46、polymeric material applied to one or bothsurfaces. (See also laminated fabric.) D4850, D4851,D5446color contrast, nin textiles, a general term for a visible colordifference between two adjacent areas.DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of Test Methods D3939 and D5362,acolor contrast is a visible color differe

47、nce between a snag and theimmediate surrounding area of the fabric that has no defects. Colorcontrasts often occur when printed fabrics are snagged. D3939,D5362constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine (CRE),na testing machine in which the rate of increase of thespecimen length is uniform w

48、ith time. D6797constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine(CRE), nin tensile testing, an apparatus in which thepulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance withincreasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.). D3787constant-rate-of-l

49、oad (CRL) tensile testing machinea test-ing machine in which the rate of increase of the load beingapplied to the specimen is uniform with time after the first 3s. D13.60 D4964, D5035, D5034constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing machineatesting machine in which the pulling clamp moves at auniform rate and the load is applied through the other clampwhich moves appreciably to actuate a weighing mechanism,so that the rate of increase of load or elongation is dependentupon the extension characteristics of the