ASTM D4809-2009 Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method).pdf

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1、Designation: D 4809 09Standard Test Method forHeat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by BombCalorimeter (Precision Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re

2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method

3、 covers the determination of the heat ofcombustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically foruse with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible differencebetween duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2 %. Itcan be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatilematerials where

4、slightly greater differences in precision can betolerated.1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to alldetails of the procedure is essential since the error contributedby each individual measurement that affects the precision shallbe kept below 0.04 %, insofar as possible.1.3 Under

5、normal conditions, the method is directly appli-cable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fueloil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and2-GT gas turbine fuels.1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controlsand temperature measurements, the precision is improve

6、d overthat of Test Method D 240.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this s

7、tandard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, seeSection 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (G

8、en-eral Bomb Method)D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD 1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum FractionsD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petr

9、oleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of AviationTurbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso-nance Sp

10、ectrometryD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceE1 Speci

11、fication for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE 144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion BombsE 200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Stor-age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gross heat of combustionexpressed as megajoulesp

12、er kilogram. The gross heat of combustion at constant volumeof a liquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heatliberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen inan enclosure of constant volume, the products of combus

13、tionbeing gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, andliquid water, with the initial temperature of the fuel and the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of F

14、uels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 480906.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.o

15、rg. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State

16、s.oxygen and the final temperature of the products at 25C.Gross heat of combustion (see Note 1) is represented by thesymbol Qg.3NOTE 1Users of this test method desiring to calculate D H for a purecompound should note that corrections must be applied to the value of Qgfor buoyancy of air, heat capaci

17、ties of reaction components, reduction toa constant-pressure process, and deviations of the reaction from thethermodynamic standard state. In any comparison of measurements onpure compounds with those cited in these compilations3, the user of thistest method should realize that impurities of various

18、 kinds, includingwater and foreign hydrocarbons may cause significant effects on thevalues obtained for particular samples of material.3.1.2 net heat of combustionexpressed as megajoules perkilogram. The net heat of combustion at constant pressure of aliquid or a solid fuel containing only the eleme

19、nts carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heatliberated when a unit mass of the fuel is burned in oxygen at aconstant pressure of 0.101 MPa (1 atm), the products ofcombustion being carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, andwater, all in the gaseous state, with the initi

20、al temperature ofthe fuel and the oxygen and the final temperature of theproducts of combustion at 25C. The net heat of combustion4,5is represented by the symbol Qnand is related to the gross heatof combustion by the following equation:Qnnet, 25C!5Qggross, 25C!20.2122 3 H (1)where:Qn(net, 25C) = net

21、 heat of combustion at constantpressure, MJ/kg,Qg(gross, 25C) = gross heat of combustion at constantvolume, MJ/kg, andH = mass % of hydrogen in the sample.3.1.3 energy equivalent (effective heat capacity or waterequivalent)the energy equivalent of the calorimeter ex-pressed as joules per degree Cels

22、ius, J/C.NOTE 2The energy equivalent may be expressed in any energy unitand any temperature unit so long as the value is used consistentlythroughout the calculations.3.2 Units:3.2.1 Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius.3.2.2 Time is expressed in minutes and decimal fractionsthereof. It can b

23、e measured in minutes or seconds, or both.3.2.3 Masses are measured in grams. No buoyancy correc-tions are applied except to obtain the mass of benzoic acid.3.2.4 The energy unit of measurement employed in this testmethod is the joule with the heat of combustion reported inmegajoules per kilogram (N

24、ote 3).1 MJ/kg 5 1000 J/g (2)NOTE 3In SI the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg,but for practical use a multiple is more convenient. The MJ/kg iscustomarily used for the representation of heats of combustion ofpetroleum fuels.3.2.5 The following relationships may be used for convert-i

25、ng to other units:1 cal (International Table calorie) = 4.1868 JA1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1055.06 J1 cal (I.T.)/g = 0.0041868 MJ/kgA1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kgAAConversion factor is exact.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The heat of combustion is determined by burning aweighed sample in an oxygen-bo

26、mb calorimeter under con-trolled conditions. The temperature increase is measured by atemperature reading instrument which allows the precision ofthe method to be met. The heat of combustion is calculatedfrom temperature observations before, during, and after com-bustion, with proper allowance for t

27、hermochemical and heat-transfer corrections. Either isoperibol or adiabatic calorimetersmay be used.5. Significance and Use5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energyavailable from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essentialwhen considering the thermal efficiency of equipment forproduci

28、ng either power or heat.5.2 The mass heat of combustion, that is, the heat ofcombustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this proce-dure. Its magnitude is particularly important to weight-limitedvehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydro-foils as the distance such craft can

29、travel on a given weight offuel is a direct function of the fuels mass heat of combustionand its density.5.3 The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat ofcombustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated bymultiplying the mass heat of combustion by the density of thefuel (mass per unit

30、 volume). The volumetric heat of combus-tion, rather than the mass heat of combustion, is important tovolume-limited craft such as automobiles and ships, as it isdirectly related to the distance traveled between refuelings.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Room, Bomb, Calorimeter, Jacket, Thermometers,and Access

31、ories, as described in Annex A1.6.2 Semimicro Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of0.01 mg as specified in 10.5.1.6.3 Heavy-Duty Analytical Balance, having a sensitivity of0.05 g as specified in 10.7.2.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all t

32、ests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,3Prosen, E. J., “ Experimental Thermochemistry.” F. D. Rossini, editor, Inter-science Publishers, 1956, pp. 129148. Reliable

33、 values for heats of combustion ofpure compounds are given in National Bureau of Standards Circular C-461,“Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons” (U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC, 1947) and in F. D. Rossini, et al, “Selected Values of Physical andThermodynamic Properties of Hy

34、drocarbons and Related Compounds,” CarnegiePress, Pittsburgh, PA, 1953. These compilations were prepared by F. D. Rossini, etal, as part of American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44.4Supporting data (derivation of equations) have been filed at ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters and may be obtai

35、ned by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1346.5Jessup, R. S., “Precise Measurement of Heat of Combustion with a BombCalorimeter,” NBS Monograph 7, U.S. Government Printing Office.D4809092where such specifications are available.6Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reage

36、nt is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Specification D 1193, Type IV or better.7.3 Benzoic Acid7The acid must be pelleted before use.7.4 Firing Wire0.127 mm (No. 36 gage) platinum wire,No.34B or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4809099