ASTM D4439-2011 Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics《土工织物标准术语》.pdf
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1、Designation: D4439 11Standard Terminology forGeosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the
2、year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.absorption, nthe process by which a liquid is drawn into andtends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, theincrease in mass of a porous solid body resulting frompenetr
3、ation of a liquid into its permeable pores. C125aerobic, na condition in which a measurable volume of airis present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987anaerobic, na condition in which no measurable volume ofair is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987apparent opening size (AOS),
4、O95, nfor a geotextile, aproperty which indicates the approximate largest particlethat would effectively pass through the geotextile. D4751atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair maintained at arelative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of21 6 2C (70 6 4F). D4439, D4751, D5494back flu
5、shing, na process by which liquid is forced in thereverse direction to the flow direction. D1987basis weightdeprecated term (do not use in the sense ofmass per unit area). D4439bend, vtin mechanics, to force an object from its natural ormanufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature.D44
6、39blinding, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particlesblock the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducingthe hydraulic conductivity of the system. D4439biocide, na chemical used to kill bacteria and other micro-organisms. D1987breaking force, (F), J, nthe force at failure. D4885brea
7、king load, nthe maximum force applied to a specimenin a tensile test carried to rupture. D4632breaking toughness, T, (FL1), Jm2, nfor geotextiles, theactual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.D4595, D4885chemical resistance, nthe ability to resist chemical attack.D5322clogging, nfor geo
8、textiles, the condition where soil particlesmove into and are retained in the openings of the fabric,thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D4439clogging potential, nin geotextiles, the tendency for a givengeotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles thathave either lodged in the
9、geotextile openings or have built upa restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D5101compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), nthickness under aspecified stress applied normal to the material. D4439constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), natesting machine in which the rate of increa
10、se of the loadbeing applied to the specimen is uniform with time after thefirst 3 s. D4439corresponding force, nsynonym for force at specifiedelongation. D4885coupon, na portion of a material or laboratory sample fromwhich multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D5747creep, nthe time-dependent
11、increase in accumulative strainin a material resulting from an applied constant force.D5262critical height (ch), nthe maximum exposed height of acone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of ageosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a givenperiod of time. D5514cross-machine d
12、irection, nthe direction in the plane of thefabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.D4632density (r, (ML3), kg/m3), nmass per unit volume.D4439design loadthe load at which the geosynthetic is required tooperate in order to perform its intended function. D5262elastic limit, nin mechanics
13、, the stress intensity at whichstress and deformation of a material subjected to an increas-ing force cease to be proportional; the limit of stress withinwhich a material will return to its original size and shapewhen the force is removed, and hence, not a permanent set.D4885elongation at break, nth
14、e elongation corresponding to thebreaking load, that is, the maximum load. D4632failure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceasesto be functionally capable of its intended use. D4885,D5262failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in thetest vessel at failure of the geosynth
15、etic. D5514flexible polypropylene, na material having a 2 % secantmodulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35on Geosynthetics and is thedirect responsibility of D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011
16、Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4439 04. DOI:10.1520/D4439-11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Test Method D5323 produced by polymerization of propyl-ene w
17、ith or without other alpha olefin monomers.field testing, ntesting performed in the field under actualconditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids forwhich the immersion testing is being performed. D5496filldeprecated term, see filling.filling, nyarn running from selvage to selvage at right
18、anglesto the warp in a woven fabric. D4439force at specific elongation, FASE, nthe force associatedwith a specific elongation on the force-elongation curve.D4439force-elongation curve, nin a tensile test, a graphicalrepresentation of the relationship between the magnitude ofan externally applied for
19、ce and the change in length of thespecimen in the direction of the applied force. (Synonym forstress-strain curve.) D4885geocomposite, na product composed of two or more mate-rials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foamed polymericmaterial used in geot
20、echnical engineering applications.geogrid, na geosynthetic formed by a regular network ofintegrally connected elements with apertures greater than6.35 mm (14 in.) to allow interlocking with surrounding soil,rock, earth, and other surrounding materials to functionprimarily as reinforcement. D5262geon
21、et, na geosynthetic consisting of integrally connectedparallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various anglesfor planar drainage of liquids or gases. D4439geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geosyntheticcomposed of one or more synthetic sheets. D4439,D4873, D4885, D5994, D5820geosyntheti
22、c, na planar product manufactured from poly-meric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotech-nical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system. D4354, D4759,D4873, D5617, D5818geosynthetic clay liner, na manufactured hydraulic barrierconsis
23、ting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of geosyntheticmaterials.geotechnical engineering, nthe engineering application ofgeotechnics. D4439, D4595geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methods andengineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation, anduse of knowledge of materials of th
24、e earths crust to thesolution of engineering problems. D4439, D4491, D4595,D4716, D4751geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprised solely oftextiles.DISCUSSIONGeotextiles perform several functions in geotechnicalengineering applications, including: separation; filtration; drainage;reinforcement;
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