ASTM D4220 D4220M-2014 Standard Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples《土壤试样保存与运输的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D4220/D4220M 14Standard Practices forPreserving and Transporting Soil Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4220/D4220M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These practices cover procedures for preserving soilsamples immediately after they are obtained in the field andaccompanying proced

3、ures for transporting and handling thesamples.1.2 LimitationsThese practices are not intended to addressall requirements applicable to transporting of soil samplesknown or suspected to contain hazardous materials.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded se

4、parately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen deal

5、ing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs. The slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma)calculations are involved.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wit

6、h its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. T

7、his document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given profe

8、ssional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653

9、 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2937 Test Method for D

10、ensity of Soil in Place by theDrive-Cylinder MethodD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock CoreSamplesD6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site Characterizations (Withdrawn 2014)3D6151

11、 Practice for Using Hollow-StemAugers for Geotech-nical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli-cally Operated Stationary Piston SamplerD7015 P

12、ractices for Obtaining Intact Block (Cubical andCylindrical) Samples of Soils3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology in these practices is in accor-dance with Terminology D653.4. Summary of Practices4.1 The various procedures are given under four groupingsas follows:4.1.1 Group ASamples for which o

13、nly general visualidentification or profile logging is necessary.1These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014.

14、Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4220 95 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/D4220_D4220M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i

15、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons

16、hohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.2 Group BSamples for which only water content,classification, compaction, and/or bulk samples for laboratory-prepared test specimens is required.4.1.3 Group CIntact, naturally formed or field fabricatedsamples for density determinations, swell pressure, per

17、centswell, consolidation, hydraulic conductivity ,shear includingdynamic and cyclic or any tests requiring intact specimens.4.1.4 Group DSamples that are fragile or highly sensitivefor which tests in Group C are required.4.2 The procedure(s) to be used should be included in theproject specifications

18、 or defined by the designated responsibleperson. Detailed sampling methods using drill rigs are pre-sented in Guide D6169.5. Significance and Use5.1 Use of the various procedures recommended in thesepractices is dependent on the type of samples obtained, the typeof testing and engineering properties

19、 required, the fragility andsensitivity of the soil, and the climatic conditions. In all cases,the primary purpose is to preserve the soil samples in such away that the laboratory testing will accurately reflect the fieldconditions.5.2 The procedures presented in these practices were pri-marily deve

20、loped for soil samples that are to be tested forengineering properties. However, they may be applicable forsamples of soil and other materials obtained for other purposes.5.3 For rock core samples, Practice D5079 should be used.6. Apparatus6.1 The type of materials and containers needed dependupon t

21、he conditions and requirements listed under the fourgroupings A to D in Section 4, and also on the climate, modeof transportation and distance.6.1.1 Sealing Wax, includes microcrystalline wax, paraffin,beeswax, ceresine, carnaubawax, or combinations thereof.6.1.2 Wood Disks, coated in wax, about 25

22、mm 1 in. thickand having a diameter slightly less than the inside diameter ofthe liner or tube.6.1.3 Plastic Bags, 0.08 mm 3 mil or thicker.6.1.4 Plastic BucketsFor Group A or B samples. Thesesamples may have been obtained using Practice D6151 or othersampling techniques. If the plastic bucket lids

23、are not airtightand water content is required, tape shall be used to seal the lidto the bucket.6.1.5 Tape, either waterproof plastic, adhesive friction, orduct tape.6.1.6 Cheesecloth, to be used with wax in alternative layersfor intact exposed samples (Practice D7015).6.1.7 Caps, either plastic, or

24、rubber, to be placed over theend of thin-walled tubes (Practice D1587), liners and rings(Practice D3550), together with tape or wax.6.1.8 Expandable Packers used to seal the ends of sampleswithin cylindrical tubes, by mechanically expanding againstthe tube wall.NOTE 1Plastic expandable packers are p

25、referred. Metal expandablepackers seal equally well; however, long-term storage may cause corro-sion problems.6.1.9 Jars, glass or plastic, wide mouthed, with rubber-ringed lids or lids lined with a coated paper seal and of a sizeto comfortably receive the sample, commonly 250 mL 12 pt,500 mL 1 pt,

26、and 1 L 1 qt.6.1.10 Bags, either plastic, burlap with liner, burlap or clothtype (Practice D1452).6.1.11 Packing Material, to protect against vibration andshock.6.1.12 Insulation, either granule (bead), sheet or foam type,to resist temperature change of soil or to prevent freezing.6.1.13 Sample Cube

27、 Boxes, for transporting cube (block)samples. Constructed with 13 to 19 mm 12 to34 in. thickplywood exterior type.6.1.14 Cylindrical Sample Containers, somewhat larger indimension than the thin-walled tube or liner samples, such ascylindrical frozen food cartons.6.1.15 Shipping Containers, either bo

28、x or cylindrical typeand of proper construction to protect against vibration, shock,and the elements, to the degree required.NOTE 2The length, girth and weight restrictions for commercialtransportation must be considered.6.1.16 Identification MaterialPens, tags, and labelsneeded to properly identify

29、 the sample(s).7. Precautions7.1 Special instructions, descriptions, and marking of con-tainers must accompany any sample that may includeradioactive, chemical, toxic, or other contaminant material.7.2 Transportation, containment, storage and disposal of soilsamples may be regulated by government ag

30、encies. Theseregulations should be researched so that compliance can beassured.7.2.1 Samples shipped by way of common carrier or U.S.Postal Service must comply with the Department of Transpor-tation Hazardous Materials Regulation, 49CRF Part 172.7.3 Sample traceability records (see example in Fig. 1

31、) areencouraged and should be required for suspected contaminatedsamples.7.3.1 Possession of all samples must be traceable, fromcollection to shipment to laboratory to disposition. Samplesshould be handled by as few persons as practical.7.3.2 Sample collector(s) should be responsible for initiat-ing

32、 the sample traceability record; recording the project,sample identification and location, sample type, date, and thenumber and types of containers.7.3.3 A separate traceability record shall accompany eachshipment.7.3.4 When transferring the possession of samples, theperson(s) relinquishing and rece

33、iving the samples shall sign,date, and check for completeness of the traceability record.NOTE 3Interstate transportation containment, storage, and disposal ofsoil samples obtained from certain areas within the United States and thetransportation of foreign soils into or through the United States are

34、 subjectto regulations established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal,and Plant Health Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs.NOTE 4Samples shipped by way of common carrier or U.S. PostalService must comply with the Department of Transportation HazardousMaterials Regulation, 49

35、CFR Part 172.D4220/D4220M 142NOTE 5When using wooden shipping containers, some countriesrequire ISPM 15 treatment and the IPPC stamp.8. Procedure8.1 All SamplesProperly identify samples with tags,labels, and markings prior to transporting them as follows:8.1.1 Job name or number, or both,8.1.2 Sampl

36、ing date,8.1.3 Sample/boring number and location,8.1.4 Depth or elevation, or both,8.1.5 Sample orientation (Groups C and D),8.1.6 Subdivided samples must be identified while main-taining association to the original sample.8.2 The following information should be transmitted oridentified with each sa

37、mple shipment:8.2.1 Special shipping or laboratory handling instructions,or both,8.2.2 Sampling methods information including penetrationtest data, if applicable (Test Method D1586),8.2.3 Sample traceability record, if required,8.2.4 Comments regarding any possible contamination,8.2.5 Groundwater ob

38、servation and weather condition, ifapplicable, and8.2.6 Name of person responsible for initiating shipment.8.3 Group ATransport samples in any type of container byway of available transportation. If transported commercially,the container need only meet the minimum requirements of thetransporting age

39、ncy and any other requirements necessary toassure against sample loss, , damage, or contamination.8.4 Group B:8.4.1 Preserve and transport these samples in sealed, mois-ture proof containers. All containers shall be of sufficientthickness and strength to prevent breakage and moisture loss.The contai

40、ner types include:8.4.2 Plastic BagsPlace the plastic bags as tightly aspossible around the sample, squeezing out as much air aspossible.FIG. 1 Example Layout of Record FormD4220/D4220M 1438.4.3 Glass or Plastic JarsIf the jar lids are not rubberringed or lined with new waxed paper seals, seal the l

41、ids withwax.8.4.4 Plastic BucketsIf the lid for the plastic bucket is notairtight, seal it with wax or tape.8.4.5 Thin-Walled Tubes, (Practice D1587, Guide D6282,Practice D6519), drive cylinders (Test Method D2937), linersor rings (Practice D3550) sealed as follows:8.4.5.1 Expandable PackersThe pref

42、erred method of seal-ing sample ends within tubes is with plastic, expandablepackers.8.4.5.2 WaxFor short-term sealing, paraffin wax is accept-able. For long term sealing (in excess of 3 days) use microc-rystalline waxes or combine with up to 15 % beeswax or resin,for better adherence to the wall of

43、 the tube and to reduceshrinkage. Several thin layers of wax are preferred over onethick layer. The minimum final thickness shall be 10 mm 0.4in.8.4.5.3 Wax with Wood DisksThe wax wood disk must beflush with the soil surface and sealed into position usingadditional wax.8.4.5.4 End CapsOnly used when

44、 the sample is flush withthe end of the thin-walled tube or in conjunction with theexpandable packer or wax above. Do not allow a void betweenthe sample and the end cap. Where necessary, spacers orappropriate packing materials, or both, must be placed in thetube prior to sealing the tube ends to pro

45、vide proper confine-ment. Packing material must be nonabsorbent and stable suchthat it provides consistent continuous sample support. Sealrubber or plastic end caps with tape. For long-term storage(longer than 3 days), also dip them in wax, applying two ormore layers of wax.8.4.5.5 Cheesecloth and W

46、axUse alternating layers (aminimum of two each) of cheesecloth and wax to seal each endof the tube and stabilize the sample Do not allow a voidbetween the sample and the wax.8.4.6 Transport samples by any available transportation.Ship samples as prepared or placed in larger shippingcontainers, inclu

47、ding bags, cardboard, or wooden boxes orbarrels.8.5 Group C:8.5.1 These samples will be intact and either in tubes orexposed samples. Preserve and seal these samples to maintainthe intact condition of the sample. In addition, they must beprotected against vibration and shock, and protected fromextre

48、me heat or cold.8.5.2 Thin-walled tube samples, liners, and rings shall besealed as described in 8.4.5.8.5.3 Cylindrical and cube samples shall be wrapped inplastic such as polyethylene and polypropylene or foil. Thesample can then be placed in a supporting container and thevoids between the sample

49、and container filled with wax.Alternatively, the sample can be wrapped with layers ofcheesecloth and wax using a minimum of three layers.8.5.4 Samples transported by the sampling or testing agencypersonnel on seats of automobiles and trucks need only beplaced in cardboard boxes, or similar containers into which thesealed samples fit snugly, preventing bumping, rolling,dropping, etc.8.5.5 For all other methods of transporting samples, includ-ing automobile trunk, bus, parcel services, truck, boat, air, etc.,place the sealed samples in wood