ASTM D3849-2014a Standard Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphological Characterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Microscopy《炭黑的标准试验方法 使用电子显微镜测定炭黑的形态特征》.pdf
《ASTM D3849-2014a Standard Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphological Characterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Microscopy《炭黑的标准试验方法 使用电子显微镜测定炭黑的形态特征》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM D3849-2014a Standard Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphological Characterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Microscopy《炭黑的标准试验方法 使用电子显微镜测定炭黑的形态特征》.pdf(10页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: D3849 14D3849 14aStandard Test Method forCarbon BlackMorphological Characterization of CarbonBlack Using Electron Microscopy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers (1) the morphological (for example, size and shape) characterization
3、 of carbon black fromtransmission electron microscope images which are used to derive the mean particle and aggregate size of carbon black in the dry(as manufactured) state, from CAB chip dispersion or removed from a rubber compound and (2) the certification of mean particlesize using a correlation
4、based on statistical thickness surface area measurements.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respo
5、nsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3349 Test Method for Absorption Coefficient of Ethylene Polymer Material Pigmented with Carbon
6、BlackD6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and External Surface Area by Nitrogen Adsorption3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 General:3.1.1.1 carbon black particlea small spheroidally shaped, paracrystalline, non-discrete component of an aggregate; it can onlybe separated from the aggregate by fr
7、acturing; carbon black particle size is a distributional property; therefore, the term particlesize implies the mean value from multiple measurements.3.1.1.2 carbon black aggregatea discrete, rigid colloidal entity that is the smallest dispersible unit; it is composed ofextensively coalesced particl
8、es; carbon black aggregate size is a distributional property; therefore, the term aggregate size impliesthe mean value from multiple measurements.3.1.1.3 statistical thickness surface area (STSA)the external specific surface area of carbon black that is calculated fromnitrogen adsorption data using
9、the de Boer theory and a carbon black-specific model.3.1.1.4 glow dischargea plasma of ionized gas that is formed in a high-voltage field at pressures of about 3 to 20 Pa (25 to150 10-3 torr); an alternating current (a-c) glow discharge using air is effective in cleaning and oxidizing the surface of
10、 carbonsubstrates to improve the wetting characteristics of polar vehicles containing pigment dispersions.3.1.1.5 substratea thin film that is used to support electron microscope specimens; evaporated carbon films are commonlyused because of relatively good mechanical strength, stability, and conduc
11、tivity.3.1.2 Aggregate Dimensional Properties from Image Analysis:3.1.2.1 area (A)the two-dimensional projected area of the carbon black aggregate image.3.1.2.2 perimeter (P)the total boundary length of an aggregate.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black a
12、nd is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.81 on Carbon BlackMicroscopy and Morphology.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2014. Published January 2014November 2014. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20132014as D3849 13.D3849 14. DOI: 10.1520/D3849-14.1
13、0.1520/D3849-14A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is
14、 intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the
15、current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2.3 volume (V)an estimate of the volume of the carbon black aggregate using stereologica
16、l principles.3.1.3 Image Analysis:3.1.3.1 dilationthe converse of erosion; this process is accomplished by changing any OFF pixel to ON if it has greater thana preset minimum of ON neighbors, causing image features to grow in size, which fills in small breaks in features, internal voids,or small ind
17、entations along the feature surface.3.1.3.2 erosionthe process by which image features are reduced in size by selectively removing pixels from their periphery;it consists of examining each binary pixel and changing it from ON to OFF if it has greater than a preset minimum of neighborsthat are OFF; i
18、t serves a number of useful functions, such as smoothing feature outlines and separating features touching each other.3.1.3.3 featureareas within a single continuous boundary that have gray-level ranges that allow them to be distinguished fromthe background area outside the feature via thresholding.
19、3.1.3.4 thresholdingselecting a range of brightness such that discrimination is possible between the feature and thebackground; the gray levels within carbon black images become lower with decreasing particle size.4. Significance and Use4.1 Carbon black morphology significantly affects the transient
20、 and end-use properties of carbon black loaded polymer systems.Acarbon blacksblacks particle size distribution is its single most important property, and it relates to degree of blackness, rubberreinforcement, and ability to impart UV protection. For a given loading of carbon black, blackness, reinf
21、orcement, and UVprotection increase with smaller particle size. Aggregate size and shape (structure) also affect a carbon blacks end-useperformance, as higher carbon black structure increases viscosity and improves dispersion. The stiffness (modulus) of elastomersystems becomes significantly higher
22、with increasing structure. The preferred method for measuring carbon black morphology (forexample, size and shape) is transmission electron microscopy (TEM), but due to the semi-quantitative nature of TEM, it is notsuited for mean particle size (MPS) certification. While useful morphological informa
23、tion can be obtained from TEMmeasurements within a laboratory, due to their inherent between-laboratory variability, TEM generated values should not be usedfor specification purposes.4.2 Certification of carbon blacks for UV protection (weatherability) in certain plastics applications has historical
24、ly beenperformed using TEM generated mean particle size values. ASTM Committee D24 has demonstrated that due to challenges withobtaining quantitative primary particle size data, particularly between laboratories, a qualification test based on surface area hasbeen implemented, as detailed in Test Met
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