ASTM D910-2007 Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines《航空汽油标准规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 910 07An American National StandardStandard Specification forAviation Gasolines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications

3、 forpurchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviationgasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolinessatisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-ment or conditio

4、ns of use may permit a wider, or require anarrower, range of characteristics than is shown by thisspecification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD

5、 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D 357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of MotorFuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method3D 381 Test Method for Gum Content

6、in Fuels by JetEvaporationD 614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics ofAviationFuels by the Aviation Method3D 873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability ofAviation Fuels(Potential Residue Method)D 909 Test Method for Knock Characteristics of AviationGasolines by the Supercharge MethodD 1094 Test Me

7、thod for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1948 Method of Test for Knock Characterist

8、ics of MotorFuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method3D 2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD 2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation GasolinesD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2624 Test Methods f

9、or Electrical Conductivity of Avia-tion and Distillate FuelsD 2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD 3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodineMonochloride MethodD 4052 Test Method for Den

10、sity and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Con

11、tainers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD 4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in

12、Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline

13、.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1947 (replacing former D 615). Last previous edition approved in 2006as D 91006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual B

14、ook of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5

15、059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-RaySpectroscopyD 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsE29 Practice for Using S

16、ignificant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessing specificproperties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocat-ing spark ignition engines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volat

17、ilitylimits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine forwhich it is intended, and suitability for low temperatureperformance.4. General4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of aviation gasoline at the time andplace of delivery.5. Classifica

18、tion5.1 Four grades of aviation gasoline are provided, knownas:Grade 80Grade 91Grade 100Grade 100LLNOTE 1The above grade names are based on their octane/performance numbers as measured by the now obsolete Test MethodD 614 (Discontinued 1970). A table for converting octane/performancenumbers obtained

19、 by Test Method D 2700 motor method into aviationratings was last published in Specification D 91094 in the 1995 AnnualBook of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.5.2 Grades 100 and 100LL represent two aviation gasolinesidentical in antiknock quality but differing in maximum leadcontent and color. The color i

20、dentifies the difference forengines that have a low tolerance to lead.NOTE 2Listing of, and requirements for, Avgas Grades 91/96, 108/135 and 115/145 appeared in the 1967 version of this specification. U.S.Military Specification MIL-G-5572F, dated January 24, 1978 (withdrawnMarch 22, 1988), also cov

21、ers grade 115/145 aviation gasoline, and isavailable as a research report.45.3 Although the grade designations show only a singleoctane rating for each grade, they must meet a minimum leanmixture motor rating and a minimum rich mixture superchargerating (see X1.2.2).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 A

22、viation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in thisspecification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbonsderived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends,thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocar-bons, or both.6.2 AdditivesMandatory, shall be added to each grade

23、ofaviation gasoline in the amount and of the compositionspecified in the following list of approved materials.6.2.1 Tetraethyl Lead, shall be added in the form of anantiknock mixture containing not less than 61 mass % oftetraethyl lead and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide twobromine atoms pe

24、r atom of lead. The balance shall contain noadded ingredients other than kerosine, an approved oxidationinhibitor, and blue dye, as specified herein. The maximumconcentration limit for each grade of gasoline is specified inTable 1.6.2.1.1 If mutually agreed upon by the fuel producer andadditive vend

25、or, tetraethyl lead antiknock mixture may bediluted with 20 mass % of a mixed aromatic solvent having aminimum flash point of 60C according to Test Methods D93when the product is to be handled in cold climates. The TELcontent of the dilute product is reduced to 49 mass %, so thatthe amount of antikn

26、ock additive must be adjusted to achievethe necessary lead level. The dilute product still delivers twobromine atoms per atom of lead.6.2.2 DyesThe maximum concentration limits in eachgrade of gasoline are specified in Table 1.6.2.2.1 The only blue dye that shall be present in thefinished gasoline s

27、hall be essentially 1,4-dialkylaminoanthraquinone.6.2.2.2 The only yellow dyes that shall be present in thefinished gasoline shall be essentiallyp-diethylaminoazobenzene (Color Index No. 11021) or 1,3-benzenediol 2,4-bis (alkylphenyl)azo-.6.2.2.3 The only red dye that shall be present in the finishe

28、dgasoline shall be essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.6.2.2.4 The only orange dye that shall be present in thefinished gasoline shall be essentially benzene-azo-2-napthol(Color Index No. 12055).6.3 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of avia-tion gasoline in the amoun

29、t and of the composition specified inthe following list of approved materials.5The quantities andtypes shall be declared by the manufacturer. Additives addedafter the point of manufacture shall also be declared.6.3.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors maybe added to the gasoline separate

30、ly, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not includingweight of solvent) per litre of fuel.6.3.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.6.3.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol

31、plus 25 %maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1255.5Suppor

32、ting data (guidelines for the approval or disapproval of additives) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR: D02-1125.D910072TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Aviation GasolinesAGrade80Grade91Grade100LLGrade100ASTM TestMethodBOctane Ratin

33、gsKnock value, lean mixtureCMotor Octane Number min 80.7 90.8 99.6 99.6 D 2700Aviation Lean Rating min 80.0 91.0 100.0 100.0 D 2700Knock value, rich mixtureOctane number min 87 98 D 909Performance numberD,Emin 130.0 130.0 D 909Tetraethyl lead, mL D 3341 or D 5059TEL/L max 0.13 0.53 0.53 1.06gPb/L ma

34、x 0.14 0.56 0.56 1.12Color red brown blue green D 2392Dye contentFBlue dye, mg/L max 0.2 3.1 2.7 2.7Yellow dye, mg/L max none none none 2.8Red dye, mg/L max 2.3 2.7 none noneOrange dye, mg/L max none 6.0 none noneRequirements for All GradesDensity at 15C, kg/m3Report D 1298 or D 4052Distillation D86

35、Initial boiling point, C ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume % at C max 7540 volume % at C min 7550 volume % at C max 10590 volume % at C max 135Final boiling point, C max 170Sumof10%+50%evaporatedtemperatures, Cmin 135Recovery volume % min 97Residue volume % max 1.5Loss volume % max 1.5Vapor pressure, 3

36、8C, kPa minmax38.049.0D 323 or D 5190or D 5191GFreezing point, C max 58HD 2386Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D 1266 or D 2622Net heat of combustion, MJ/kgImin 43.5 D 4529 or D 3338Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100C max No. 1 D 130Oxidation stability (5 h aging)J,KD 873Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6Lead p

37、recipitate, mg/100 mL max 3Water reaction D 1094Volume change, mL max 62Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450LD 2624AFor compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11.CKnock value shall be reported as M

38、ON.DA performance number of 130.0 is equivalent to a knock value determined using iso-octane plus 0.34 mL TEL/L.EKnock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane/performance number.FThe maximum dye concentrations shown do not include solvent in dyes supplied in liquid form.GTest Method D 51

39、91 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.HIf no crystals have appeared on cooling to 58C, the freezing point may be reported as less than 58C.IFor all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D 4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D 3338. Test Method D 4809 may be used as an alternative. In case

40、 of dispute,Test Method D 4809 shall be used.JIf mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case thegum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL and the visible lead precipitate shall not exceed 4

41、 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24mg/L.KTest Method D 381 existent gum test can provide a means of detecting quality deterioration or contamination, or both, with heavier products following distribution fromrefinery to airport. Refer to X1.7.1.LApplies only when

42、 an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall applyunder the condition at point of use:Minimum 50 pS/mMaximum 450 pS/m.The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.D9100736.3.1.6 72 % m

43、inimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenolplus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary bu-tylphenols.6.3.1.7 N,N8-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.1.8 N,N8-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the fol-lowing may be used.6.3.2.1 Isopropyl

44、 Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordancewith the requirements of Specification D 4171 (Type II). Maybe used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 3Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratingsbelow minimum speci

45、fication values (see X1.2.4).66.3.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),conforming to the requirements of Specification D 4171 (TypeIII). May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %when required by the aircraft owner/operator.6.3.2.3 Test Method D 5006 can be used to determine

46、 theconcentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.6.3.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4507in con-centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuelconductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-ity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximumcumulative level

47、 of 5 mg/L of Stadis 450.6.3.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corro-sion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrationsnot to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC = 22.5 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 9.0 g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403

48、MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m37. Detailed Requirements Detailed Requirements7.1 The aviation gasoline shall conform to the requirementsprescribed in Table 1.7.2 Te

49、st results shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine the conformance to the specification requirement, atest result may be rounded to the same number of significantfigures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multipledeterminations are made, the average result, rounded accordingto Practice E29, shall be used.8. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance8.1 The aviation gasoline specified in this specification shallbe free from undissolved