ASTM D86-2008a Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure.pdf

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1、Designation: D 86 08aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forDistillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of re

2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method

3、 covers the atmospheric distillation ofpetroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit todetermine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics ofsuch products as light and middle distillates, automotivespark-ignition engine fuels, automotive spark-ignition enginefuels containing u

4、p to 10 % ethanol, aviation gasolines, avia-tion turbine fuels, 1-D and 2-D diesel fuels, biodiesel blends upto 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleum spirits, naphthas,white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels.1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillatefuels; it is

5、 not applicable to products containing appreciablequantities of residual material.1.3 This test method covers both manual and automatedinstruments.1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units areto be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesesare provided for information

6、only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referen

7、ced Documents2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties toagreement on this test method are to apply the most recentedition of the standards indicated below, unless otherwisespecified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory ruleswhere earlier versions of the method(s) identified

8、 may berequired.2.2 ASTM Standards:2D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Prod

9、uctsD 4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels f

10、orVolatility MeasurementD 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D 6300 Practice for Determination

11、of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE 1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cyl-indersE 1405 Specification for Laborator

12、y Glass DistillationFlasks2.3 Energy Institute Standards:3IP 69 Determination of Vapour PressureReid MethodIP 123 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of DistillationCharacteristicsIP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour PressureIP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleumand Related Pr

13、oducts 1996Appendix A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08 on Volatility.In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 12

14、3.It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 8608.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer

15、Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end

16、 of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Mar 4 20:59:00 EST 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions a

17、uthorized.3.1.1 charge volume, nthe volume of the specimen, 100mL, charged to the distillation flask at the temperature speci-fied in Table 1.3.1.2 decomposition, nof a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis orcracking of a molecule yielding smaller molecules with lowerboiling points than the original molecule.

18、3.1.2.1 DiscussionCharacteristic indications of thermaldecomposition are evolution of fumes and erratic temperaturereadings that usually decrease after any attempt is made toadjust the heat.3.1.3 decomposition point, nthe corrected thermometerreading that coincides with the first indications of ther

19、maldecomposition of the liquid in the flask.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe decomposition point, as deter-mined under the conditions of this test method, does notnecessarily correspond to the decomposition temperature inother applications.3.1.4 dry point, nthe corrected thermometer reading thatis observed at

20、the instant the last drop of liquid (exclusive ofany drops or film of liquid on the side of the flask or on thetemperature sensor), evaporates from the lowest point in thedistillation flask.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe end point (final boiling point),rather than the dry point, is intended for general use.

21、The drypoint can be reported in connection with special purposenaphthas, such as those used in the paint industry. Also, it issubstituted for the end point (final boiling point) whenever thesample is of such a nature that the precision of the end point(final boiling point) cannot consistently meet t

22、he requirementsgiven in the precision section.3.1.5 dynamic holdup, nthe amount of material present inthe neck of the flask, in the sidearm of the flask, and in thecondenser tube during the distillation.3.1.6 emergent stem effect, nthe offset in temperaturereading caused by the use of total immersio

23、n mercury-in-glassthermometers in the partial immersion mode.3.1.6.1 DiscussionIn the partial immersion mode, a por-tion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is ata lower temperature than the immersed portion, resulting in ashrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperatureread

24、ing.3.1.7 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), nthemaximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during thetest.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis usually occurs after the evapora-tion of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The termmaximum temperature is a frequently used synonym.3.1.8 front end l

25、oss, nloss due to evaporation duringtransfer from receiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor lossduring the distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask atthe end of the distillation.3.1.9 initial boiling point (IBP), nthe corrected thermom-eter reading that is observed at the instant the f

26、irst drop ofcondensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.3.1.10 percent evaporated, nthe sum of the percent re-covered and the percent loss.3.1.11 percent loss (or observed loss), none hundredminus the percent total recovery.3.1.11.1 corrected loss, npercent loss corrected for baro-metr

27、ic pressure.3.1.12 percent recovered, nthe volume of condensateobserved in the receiving cylinder, expressed as a percentage ofthe charge volume, associated with a simultaneous temperaturereading.3.1.13 percent recovery, nthe maximum percent recov-ered, as observed in accordance with 10.18.3.1.13.1

28、corrected percent recovery, nthe percent recov-ery, adjusted for the difference between the observed loss andthe corrected loss, as described in Eq 8.3.1.13.2 percent total recovery, nthe combined percentrecovery and residue in the flask, as determined in accordancewith 11.1.3.1.14 percent residue,

29、nthe volume of residue in theflask, measured in accordance with 10.19, and expressed as apercentage of the charge volume.3.1.15 rate of change (or slope), nthe change in tempera-ture reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as describedin 13.2.3.1.16 temperature lag, nthe offset between the temp

30、era-ture reading obtained by a temperature sensing device and thetrue temperature at that time.3.1.17 temperature measurement device, na thermometer,as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in6.3.2.3.1.18 temperature reading, nthe temperature obtained bya temperature measuring de

31、vice or system that is equal to thethermometer reading described in 3.1.19.TABLE 1 Preparation of Apparatus and SpecimenGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4Flask, mL 125 125 125 125ASTM distillation thermometer 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 8C (8F)IP distillation thermometer range low low low highFlask support

32、 board B B C Cdiameter of hole, mm 38 38 50 50Temperature at start of testFlask C 1318 1318 1318 not aboveF 5565 5565 5565 ambientFlask support and shield not above not above not aboveambient ambient ambientReceiving cylinder and sampleC 1318 1318 1318A13ambientAF 5565 5565 5565A55ambientAASee 10.3.

33、1.1 for exceptions.D8608a2Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Wed Mar 4 20:59:00 EST 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.3.1.18.1 corrected temperature reading, nthe temperaturereading, as described in 3.1.18, correct

34、ed for barometricpressure.3.1.19 thermometer reading (or thermometer result), nthetemperature of the saturated vapor measured in the neck of theflask below the vapor tube, as determined by the prescribedthermometer under the conditions of the test.3.1.19.1 corrected thermometer reading, nthe thermom

35、-eter reading, as described in 3.1.19, corrected for barometricpressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Based on its composition, vapor pressure, expected IBPor expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed inone of four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser tem-perature, and other opera

36、tional variables are defined by thegroup in which the sample falls.4.2 A 100-mL specimen of the sample is distilled underprescribed conditions for the group in which the sample falls.The distillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillationunit at ambient pressure under conditions that are de

37、signed toprovide approximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Sys-tematic observations of temperature readings and volumes ofcondensate are made, depending on the needs of the user of thedata. The volume of the residue and the losses are alsorecorded.4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation,

38、the observed vaportemperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and thedata are examined for conformance to procedural require-ments, such as distillation rates. The test is repeated if anyspecified condition has not been met.4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evapo-rated or

39、percent recovered versus corresponding temperature,either in a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillationcurve.5. Significance and Use5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling rangeof a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distilla-tion has been in use as long as the pe

40、troleum industry hasexisted. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdic-tion of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when itwas still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the testmethod has been in use for such an extended period, atremendous number of historical data bases

41、 exist for estimatingend-use sensitivity on products and processes.5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocar-bons have an important effect on their safety and performance,especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling rangegives information on the composition, the prop

42、erties, and thebehavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is themajor determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture toproduce potentially explosive vapors.5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically importantfor both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting,w

43、arm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operatingtemperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of highboiling point components in these and other fuels can signifi-cantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustiondeposits.5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an i

44、mpor-tant factor in the application of many solvents, particularlythose used in paints.5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum prod-uct specifications, in commercial contract agreements, processrefinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatoryrules.6. Apparatus6.1 Basic

45、 Components of the Apparatus:6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are thedistillation flask, the condenser and associated cooling bath, ametal shield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heatsource, the flask support, the temperature measuring device,and the receiving cylinder

46、 to collect the distillate.6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.6.1.3 In addition to the basic components described in 6.1.1,automated units also are equipped with a system to measureand automatically record the temperature and the associatedrecovered volume in the receiving

47、 cylinder.6.2 Adetailed description of the apparatus is given inAnnexA2.6.3 Temperature Measuring Device:6.3.1 Mercury-in-glass thermometers, if used, shall be filledwith an inert gas, graduated on the stem and enamel backed.They shall conform to Specification E1 or IP StandardMethods for Analysis a

48、nd Testing of Petroleum and RelatedProducts 1996AppendixA, or both, for thermometersASTM7C/IP 5C and ASTM 7F for the low range thermometers, andASTM 8C/IP 6C and ASTM 8F for the high range thermom-eters.FIG. 1 Apparatus Assembly Using Gas BurnerD8608a3Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); We

49、d Mar 4 20:59:00 EST 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.1Condenser bath 11Distillation flask2Bath cover 12Temperature sensor3Bath temperature sensor 13Flask support board4Bath overflow 14Flask support platform5Bath drain 15Ground connection6Condenser tube 16Electric heater7Shield 17Knob for adjusting level8Viewing window of support platform9aVoltage regulator 18Power source cord9bVoltmeter or ammeter 19Receiver cylinder9cPower switch 20