[外语类试卷]大学英语六级模拟试卷561及答案与解析.doc
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1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 561及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Say No to Fake Diplomas. You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below. 1目前假文凭现象比较严重 2这种现象产生的原 因和带来的危害 3为改变这种状况,我认为 Say No to Fake Diplomas 二、 Pa
2、rt II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark: Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
3、 N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 Nurse Home Visits: A Boost for Low-income Parents Nurse home visitor Tammy Ballard has had some memorable experiences in close to a decade of helping ne
4、w mothers raising their children in poverty in Dayton, Ohio. Once, she arrived at a new clients home to find a TV news crew waiting outside; apparently, someone fleeing gunfire had sought shelter there. Another time, she knocked on a door only to hear shrieking in response, but no one would let her
5、in. Later she learned it was the familys parrots, which had been trained to squawk at visitors. Ballards job when she can get in the house is to try to give low-income parents a leg up. She teaches them many of the same child-rearing techniques that give the children of middle-class and educated par
6、ents an edge socially and in school and that instruction is often eye-opening for both Ballard and her clients. You would be surprised to know what new parents dont know, Ballard says, recalling the case of one father who thought babies couldnt hear at birth. “He asked, When do their eyes open? He t
7、hought they were like puppies,“ she says. Theres no doubt that low-income parents indeed, most new parents could use a little guidance. In some countries, like France, that guidance is institutionalized. Nurse-home visits for all pregnant and new mothers are routine and free of charge, sponsored by
8、the government. In the U.S. the national Nurse-Family Partnership program (NFP) covers about 16,300 families living in poverty in 25 states, but President Obama has said he plans to expand the benefit, extending it to every first-time poor mother in the country about 570,000 women each year. The Pre
9、sidents stimulus plan includes more than $3 billion in funding for early-childhood intervention programs such as Head Start and Early Head Start. The question is, will the money make a real difference in childrens lives? In a recent Op-Ed in the New York Times, Douglas Besharov of the conservative t
10、hink tank American Enterprise Institute and a colleague argued that expanding prekindergarten programs “without demanding reforms“ will not help children. Other critics have also opined that funding early-childhood initiatives is just a sop to liberal interest groups. But the science supporting warm
11、 and fuzzy early-childhood interventions is sound and is only getting stronger. “Theres converging evidence from neuroscience, social science and animal data,“ says Martha Farah, director of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania. “If you want to invest societal reso
12、urces where they will have the biggest benefit for all of us, clearly the evidence is there now that protecting children from the worst kinds of deprivation in their youngest years will result in more functional, capable, prosocial citizens.“ The NFP was developed in the 1970s by David Olds, a profe
13、ssor of pediatrics and preventive medicine at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. NFP involves about 64 home visits from a nurse during the first 2.5 years of a childs life. Many of the new mothers who receive the benefit are single, are on welfare, have low education levels and are d
14、ealing with addiction, mental illness and family violence. Nurses visit once a week during pregnancy and early infancy, answering health questions, teaching basic parenting skills and, crucially, helping moms whose own early lives were often characterized by chaos build confidence that they can do b
15、etter for their children. These visits have a pretty good payoff. A 2005 analysis by the Rand Corp. found that for every dollar spent providing nurse visitors to high-risk families, the government could save nearly $6 in welfare, juvenile-justice and health-care costs down the line. Dividends for th
16、e families well-being may be even higher. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (J. A. M. A.) in 1998 found that after receiving visits by nurses during their mothers pregnancy and during their first two years of life, visited children in upstate New York were 59% less
17、 likely to be arrested than those in the control group. A 1997 study, also in J. A. M. A. , found that nurse home visits were associated with a nearly 50% drop in rates of substantiated child abuse or neglect in new families and that visits increased the amount of time between a mothers first and se
18、cond pregnancies. Rates of hypertension (高血压 ), which is known to interfere with fetal brain development, were also reduced. And mothers spent less time on welfare and worked more. Theres really no mystery to the programs success, says Olds. Simple interventions, like encouraging new parents to show
19、 affection to their children or to talk to them more, result in exponential rewards for babies. In poor families, adults tend to speak to babies only to issue commands, in a business-only style of parenting rather than talking to children to communicate affection, identify objects, introduce concept
20、s or teach language a phenomenon more common in middle-class and wealthy households. Studies have shown that by preschool age, children whose parents gesture or talk to them less in babyhood know significantly fewer vocabulary words than children whose parents engage them more often. That deficit ca
21、n affect students performance for years. What happens early has a long-term impact, says Olds. Indeed, about 90% of a childs brain growth takes place before kindergarten, so its critical to teach new parents what to expect as a child develops not only during pregnancy and early childhood but also as
22、 the child matures. A large part of nurse home visits are designed to teach parents how to respond to their children as they age and help them manage the extra burden of parenting with few resources. Says Olds: “Learning to understand childrens motivations and abilities helps parents treat them more
23、 sensitively and responsively, and that makes it easier for children to accept guidance and not respond provocatively.“ It also creates a less stressful environment and protects against child abuse and neglect, and those reductions can in turn cut childrens risks of later engaging in crime and suffe
24、ring from addiction, mental illness, obesity and cardiovascular disease. The key, according to Olds research, begins with properly trained nurses; home visits by paraprofessionals arent as effective. Despite the current shortage of nurses in the U.S., Olds says his program is ready to grow. “The NFP
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