ASTM C567 C567M-2014 Standard Test Method for Determining Density of Structural Lightweight Concrete《测定结构轻质混凝土密度的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: C567/C567M 11C567/C567M 14Standard Test Method forDetermining Density of Structural Lightweight Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C567/C567M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, t

2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method pro

3、vides procedures to determine the oven-dry and equilibrium densities of structural lightweight concrete.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall b

4、e used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalentsare not used in practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associa

5、ted with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens

6、 in the FieldC88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixe

7、d ConcreteC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the LaboratoryC470/C470M Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete Test Cylinders VerticallyC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsE104 Practice for Maintai

8、ning Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions3. Terminology3.1 Terminology used in this test method is defined in Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 equilibrium density, nthe density as determined in 8.2 reached by structural lightweight concret

9、e after exposure torelative humidity of 50 6 5 % and a temperature of 23 6 2 C 73.5 6 3.5 F for a period of time sufficient to reach constantmass.3.2.2 oven-dry densitythe density as determined in 8.3 reached by structural lightweight concrete after being placed in adrying oven at 110 6 5 C 230 6 9

10、F for a period of time sufficient to reach constant mass.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides procedures for determining the oven-dry and equilibrium densities of structural lightweightconcrete, by calculation or measurement. The calculated oven-dry density is determined from batch

11、 quantities and volume of agiven batch of concrete. The calculated equilibrium density is approximated by adding a fixed quantity to the oven-dry density.Measured densities are obtained from determinations of the mass of cylindrical specimens after specified treatments.1 This test method is under th

12、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.21 onLightweight Aggregates and Concrete.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011April 1, 2014. Published January 2012May 2014. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous editio

13、n approved in 20052011 asC56705a.11. DOI: 10.1520/C0567_C0567M-11.10.1520/C0567_C0567M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summ

14、ary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends

15、 that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We

16、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 The measured or calculated equilibrium density of structural lightweight concrete determines whether specified densityrequirements have been met. Unless otherwise specified, determine equilibrium density by calculation using th

17、e procedures in 9.2.5.2 Test Method C138/C138M shall be used to determine the density of freshly mixed lightweight concrete for compliance withconcrete placement specifications.NOTE 1The fresh density of lightweight aggregate concrete is a function of mixture proportions, air content, water demand,

18、and the specific densityand moisture content of the lightweight aggregate. Decrease in density of a specific lightweight concrete is due to moisture loss that, in turn, is a functionof aggregate moisture content, ambient conditions, and the ratio of the surface area to the volume of the concrete mem

19、ber. For most structural lightweightconcretes, equilibrium density is approached at about 90 days. For most high-strength lightweight concretes, equilibrium density is approached at about180 days. Extensive tests demonstrate that despite variations in the initial moisture content of lightweight aggr

20、egate, the equilibrium density will beapproximately 50 kg/m3 3.0 lb/ft3 greater than the oven-dry density.6. Apparatus6.1 Tamping Rod, Mallet, Measure, Balance, and MoldsThese shall conform to the requirements of Test MethodC138/C138M and Specification C470/C470M.6.1.1 MeasureA 14-L 0.5-ft3 measure

21、shall be the standard (see Note 3).6.2 Controlled Humidity EnclosureA room controlled at 50 6 5 % relative humidity and 23 6 2 C 73.5 6 3 F or a smallchamber meeting the requirements of Practice E104.6.3 Drying OvenAn oven of appropriate size capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 1106 5 C

22、230 6 9 F, andan average evaporation rate of at least 25 g/h. Determine evaporation rate in accordance with Test Method C88.7. Sampling, and Making, and Curing Test Specimens7.1 SamplingSample field-mixed concrete in accordance with Practice C172.7.2 Specimens for Determining Equilibrium Density and

23、 Oven-dry DensityDetermine the equilibrium density and oven-drydensity on 150 by 300-mm 6 by 12-in. concrete cylinders.7.2.1 Make test cylinders in accordance with Practice C192/C192M or C31/C31M, whichever is applicable. Make threecylinders for equilibrium density measurements, and make three cylin

24、ders for oven-dry density measurements.7.3 Curing Specimens:7.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, test cylinders used for the determination of equilibrium density shall be cured in accordancewith Practice C192/C192M or the standard curing procedure in Practice C31/C31M.NOTE 2Cylinders may be stripped af

25、ter 24 h and wrapped securely with a plastic sheet or bag to prevent loss of moisture, or may remain in coveredmolds until the time of test.7.3.2 Unless otherwise specified, for the first 24 h or until the time of test, store the test cylinders used for the determinationof oven-dry density under con

26、ditions that maintain a temperature adjacent to the cylinders in the range from 16 to 27 C 60 to80 F and that prevent loss of moisture from the cylinders.8. Procedure8.1 Measurement of Freshly Mixed Concrete DensityDetermine the density of the freshly mixed concrete in accordance withTest Method C13

27、8/C138M.NOTE 3Numerous observations indicate that the same compactive effort used on smaller concrete specimens will cause the fresh densities to behigher. The fresh density as determined from measurements on 150 by 300-mm 6 by 12-in. cylinders of lightweight concrete consolidated by rodding,in acco

28、rdance with Practice C192/C192M or Practice C31/C31M will average 40 kg/m3 2.5 lb/ft3 higher than the fresh density as measured using a 14-L0.5-ft3 measure in accordance with Test Method C138/C138M.8.2 Measurement of Equilibrium DensityTo measure the equilibrium density, remove the cylinders from th

29、eir curing conditionon the seventh day after molding and immerse in water at 23 6 2 C 73.5 6 3.5 F for 24 h. Measure the apparent mass of thecylinders while suspended and completely submerged in water and record as “C,” the mass of the suspended-immersed cylinder.Remove from the water and allow to d

30、rain for 1 min by placing the cylinder on a 9.5-mm 38-in. or coarser sieve cloth. Removevisible water with a damp cloth, determine the mass and record as “B,” the mass of the saturated-surface-dry cylinder. Dry thecylinders with all surfaces exposed, in a controlled humidity enclosure as described i

31、n 6.2 until the mass of the specimen changesnot more than 0.5 % (gain or loss) in successive determinations of mass 28 days apart. Determine the mass of the dried cylindersand record as “A,” the mass of the dried cylinder. Calculate the equilibrium density of the concrete from Eq 1 and 2.EmDensity,k

32、g/m3!5A 3997!/B 2C! (1)Em Density,lb/ft3#!5A 362.3!/B 2C! (2)Em Density,lb/ft3#!5A 362.3!/B 2C!) (2)C567/C567M 142where:Em = measured equilibrium density, kg/m3 lb/ft3,A = mass of cylinder as dried, kg lb,B = mass of saturated surface-dry cylinder, kg lb, andC = apparent mass of suspended-immersed c

33、ylinder, kg lb.8.3 Measurement of Oven-Dry DensityAfter 24 h but not to exceed 32 h, remove the cylinders from the mold (see Note 4).Measure the apparent mass of the cylinders while suspended and completely submerged in water and record as “G” the mass ofthe suspended-immersed cylinders. Remove from

34、 the water and allow to drain for 1 min by placing the cylinders on a 9.5-mm38-in. or coarser sieve cloth. Remove visible water with a damp cloth, determine the mass and record as “F,” the mass of thesaturated surface-dry cylinders. Place the cylinders in the drying oven at 110 6 5 C 230 6 9 F for 7

35、2 h. Allow cylinders tocool for at least thirty minutes but not more than 1 hour and determine the mass. Repeat oven-drying, cooling, and determinationof mass at 24-h intervals until the change in mass is not more than 0.5 %. Record this mass as “D”, the mass of the oven-driedcylinder. Determine the

36、 oven-dry density from Eq 3 and 4.OmDensity,kg/m3!5D 3997!/F 2G! (3)OmDensity,lb/ft3#!5D 362.3!/F 2G! (4)OmDensity,lb/ft3#!5D 362.3!/F 2G!) (4)where:Om = measured oven-dry density, kg/m3 lb/ft3,D = mass of oven-dry cylinder, kg lb,F = mass of saturated surface-dry cylinder, kg lb, andG = apparent ma

37、ss of suspended-immersed cylinder, kg lb.NOTE 4Determination of oven-dry density may be specified to begin at an age other than 24-h.9. Calculation9.1 Calculation of Oven-Dry DensityWhere mixture quantities, aggregate moisture content, and the volume of the concretebatch are known, calculate an oven

38、-dry density using Eq 5.Oc 5Mdf1Mdc11.2 Mct!/V (5)where:Oc = calculated oven-dry density, kg/m3 lb/ft3,Mdf = mass of dry fine aggregate in batch, kg lb,Mdc = mass of dry coarse aggregate in batch, kg lb,Mct = mass of cement in batch, kg lb,1.2 = factor to approximate the mass of cement plus chemical

39、ly combined water, andV = volume of concrete produced by the batch m3 ft3.9.2 Calculation of Approximate Equilibrium DensityUsing the oven-dry density determined in accordance with 8.3 or 9.1,calculate the approximate equilibrium density from Eq 6 and 7.Ec 5Oc150 kg/m3 3lb/ft3# (6)orEc 5Om150 kg/m3

40、3lb/ft3# (7)where:Ec = calculated equilibrium density (see Note 1).10. Report10.1 When oven-dry and equilibrium densities are determined by measurements, the report shall include following information:10.1.1 Fresh density, kg/m3 lb/ft3.10.1.2 Mass of suspended-immersed cylinder, kg lb.10.1.3 Mass of

41、 saturated surface dry cylinder, kg lb.10.1.4 Mass of cylinder after reaching equilibrium, kg lb.10.1.5 Equilibrium density reported to nearest 10 kg/m3 0.5 lb/ft3.10.1.6 Age at which equilibrium was reached, days.10.1.7 Mass of oven-dry cylinder, kg lb.10.1.8 Oven-dry density rounded to the nearest

42、 10 kg/m3 0.5 lb/ft3.10.2 When oven-dry and approximate equilibrium densities are determined by calculation, report the following information:10.2.1 Fresh density, kg/m3 lb/ft3.C567/C567M 14310.2.2 Mass of cement and dry aggregates, batched, kg lb.10.2.3 Volume of concrete produced from the batch, m

43、3 ft3.10.2.4 Calculated oven-dry density, to the nearest 10 kg/m3 0.5 lb/ft3.10.2.5 Calculated approximate equilibrium density, to the nearest 10 kg/m3 0.5 lb/ft3.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision:11.1.1 The data used to develop the precision statement were obtained using the inch-pound version o

44、f this Test Method. Theprecision indices shown in SI units are exact conversions of the values in inch-pound units.11.1.2 Single-Operator PrecisionThe single-operator standard deviation of a single test determination for oven-dry densityhas been found to be 21 kg/m3 1.3 pcf. Therefore, results of tw

45、o properly conducted tests by the same operator on the samematerial are not expected to differ by more than 59 kg/m3 3.7 pcf.3 The single-operator standard deviation of a single testdetermination for equilibrium density has been found to be 16 kg/m3 1.0 pcf. Therefore, results of two properly conduc

46、ted testsby the same operator on the same material are not expected to differ by more than 43 kg/m3 2.7 pcf.311.1.3 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratory standard deviation of a single test determination for both oven-dry andequilibrium density has been found to be 22 kg/m3 1.4 pcf. Therefore

47、, results of two properly-conducted tests in differentlaboratories on the same material are not expected to differ by more than 62 kg/m3 3.9 pcf.311.2 PrecisionBiasThe precision of this test method has not yet been determined, but an industry-wide multilaboratorytesting program is being coordinated.

48、 The precision statements will be included when the data is compiled and reviewed.As therewere no available standard reference materials at the time of this study, bias cannot be determined.NOTE 5The precision of this test method is based on an interlaboratory study conducted in 2011.Atotal of eight

49、 laboratories participated in this study,measuring both-oven dry and equilibrium density. Each test result reported represents an individual determination, and all participants were asked toreport duplicate test results. The average oven-dry density was 1706 kg/m3 106.5 pcf, and the average equilibrium density was 1808 kg/m3 112.9 pcf.411.2 BiasBias for this test method cannot be determined since there is no reference sta