ASHRAE 90435-2004 Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings 30% Energy Savings《为小型办公大厦(含有色)而设的先进的能源设计指南》.pdf

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1、Advanced Energy Design GuideforSmall Office BuildingsThis is an ASHRAE Design Guide. Design Guides are developed underASHRAEs Special Publication procedures and are not consensus documents.This document is an application manual that provides voluntary recommeda-tions for consideration in achieving g

2、reater levels of energy savings relative tominimum standards.This publication was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE Special Project 102.SPECIAL PROJECT 102 COMMITTEERon Jarnagin, ChairDon ColliverCognizant Committee Ex OfficioJoe DeringerAIA RepresentativeJim EdelsonNBI RepresentativeJay EnckAS

3、HRAE TC 2.8 RepresentativeMichael LaneIESNA RepresentativeMerle McBrideASHRAE At-Large RepresentativeHayden McKayIESNA RepresentativeHarry MisurielloASHRAE TC 7.6 RepresentativeDaniel NallAIA RepresentativeDon SteinerASHRAE SSPC 90.1 RepresentativeDonna LebanAIA RepresentativeBruce HunnStaff Liaison

4、COGNIZANT COMMITTEEDon Colliver, ChairEd JacksonAIA RepresentativeRita HarroldIESNA RepresentativeJeff JohnsonNBI RepresentativeTerry TownsendASHRAE ExCom RepresentativeMark CaseASHRAE TC 2.8 RepresentativeRon MajetteDOE RepresentativeAdam HingeASHRAE TC 7.6 RepresentativeJerry WhiteASHRAE SSPC 90.1

5、 RepresentativeRon JarnaginSP-102 Chair Ex OfficioBruce HunnStaff LiaisonAdvanced Energy Design GuideforSmall Office BuildingsAchieving 30% Energy Savings Over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.The American Institute of

6、 ArchitectsIlluminating Engineering Society of North AmericaNew Buildings InstituteUnited States Department of EnergyISBN 1-931862-55-9Library of Congress Control Number: 20041103742004 American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.Atlanta, GA

7、30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Printed in the United States of AmericaCover design by Pamela del Canto, The American Institute of Architects.Cover drawing by Richard J. Vitullo, The American Institute of Architects. Reprinted from Architectural Graphic Standards, Tenth Edition, with permissi

8、on of John Wiley nor may any partof this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselec-tronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMildred GeshwilerEditorErin HowardAssociate Edit

9、orChristina HelmsAssociate EditorMichshell PhillipsSecretaryPUBLISHING SERVICESBarry KurianManagerJayne JacksonProduction AssistantPUBLISHERW. Stephen ComstockAIA STAFFJanet RumbargerDirector of Editorial ServicesPamela Del CantoDirector of Design ServicesSybil Walker BarnesEditor/WriterAcknowledgme

10、nts VIIChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 Integrated Process to Achieve Energy Savings 3Pre-Design PhasePrioritize Goals 4Design Phase 8Construction 9Acceptance 9Occupancy 10Operation 10Chapter 3 Recommendations by Climate 15Zone 1 18Zone 2 22Zone 3 26Zone 4 30Zone 5 34Zone 6 38Zone 7 42Zone 8 46Chap

11、ter 4 How to Implement Recommendations 51Quality Assurance 51Envelope 57Opaque Envelope Components 57Vertical Glazing (Envelope) 65Window Design Guidelines for Thermal Conditions 66Window Design Guidelines for Daylight 69ContentsVI ADVANCED ENERGY DESIGN GUIDE: SMALL OFFICE BUILDINGSLighting 71Dayli

12、ghting 71Daylighting Controls 73Electric Lighting Design 75HVAC 80Service Water Heating 89Bonus Savings 91Plug Loads 91Exterior Lighting 92Appendix A Envelope Thermal Performance Factors 95The primary contributors to the Advanced Energy Design Guide were the 13 mem-bers of the ASHRAE Special Project

13、 102 Committee (SP-102) representing the variousparticipating organizations that worked collaboratively to produce this document. Whilethe document was produced under the organizational mantle of ASHRAE, much of theheavy lifting was done by representatives of the ASHRAE technical and standardsprojec

14、t committee members, the American Institute of Architects (AIA), the Illuminat-ing Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), the New Buildings Institute (NBI),and the United States Department of Energy (DOE). Within ASHRAE special thanks goto members of Standing Standards Project Committee 90.1

15、(SSPC 90.1), the TechnicalCommittee on Building Environmental Impact and Sustainability (TC 2.8), and theTechnical Committee on Systems Energy Utilization (TC 7.6) for the participation oftheir representatives on the SP-102 committee.No document of this type and scope, with a very limited timeline a

16、nd with a diversegroup of collaborating partners, would have been possible without the firm guidanceprovided by the members of the Cognizant Committee. Without the vision for this docu-ment provided by 2002-2003 ASHRAE President Don Colliver as part of his presiden-tial theme speech, as well as his

17、steady hand as chair of the Cognizant Committee, thisdocument would likely not have been produced. The well-focused scope and purposefor the Advanced Energy Design Guide developed by the Cognizant Committee pro-vided a clear roadmap for the SP-102 committee to follow in producing the document ina ti

18、mely manner.During the eight-month development cycle of this document, the SP-102 committeeconducted three review periods designed to gain input at the concept stage, the technicalrefinement stage, and the final stage of the document. Many comments were receivedfrom members of the partner organizati

19、ons, as well as from others in the HVACthus the goals and strategies relating to cooling and lighting should receive the highestpriority. Conversely, in Duluth the goals and strategies relating to heating and lightingshould receive the highest priority. Table 2-1 (page 11) presents four goals, along

20、 with specific strategies for achievingenergy savings in new construction. Reducing loads (Goal 1) both internal and externalis the most basic. Matching the capacity of energy-using systems to the reduced loads(Goal 2) is also important. Oversized systems cost more and do not operate at their opti-m

21、um efficiency. Higher efficiency equipment (Goal 3) will use less energy to meet anygiven load. Thus, high-efficiency equipment, in systems whose capacity matches peakloads, serving a building designed and constructed to the lowest practical loads, willresult in the lowest energy use and cost. And f

22、inally, Goal 4 addresses the integration ofbuilding systems to increase energy savings potential. Figure 2-1. Stages of design.CHAPTER 2INTEGRATED PROCESS FOR ACHIEVING ENERGY SAVINGS 5Figure 2-2. Estimated annual energy use for lighting, heating, cooling, fans, service water heating, and plug loads

23、 for a 5,000 ft2small office building in a cooling-dominated climate (Miami). The baseline energy use is for a 90.1-1999 compliant building, and the advanced energy use is for a building compliant with the recommendations of this Guide.Figure 2-3. Estimated annual energy use for lighting, heating, c

24、ooling, fans, service water heating, and plug loads for a 5,000 ft2small office building in a heating-dominated climate (Duluth). The baseline energy use is for a 90.1-1999 compliant building, and the advanced energy use is for a building compliant with the recommendations of this Guide.6 ADVANCED E

25、NERGY DESIGN GUIDE FOR SMALL OFFICE BUILDINGSEnergy Goals in Broader Pre-Design Context: A typical “integrated” pre-design process includes the following steps in sequence, with energy-related actions flagged (a66).Activities Responsibilities Where to Find Information1. Select Team Owner evaluates p

26、otential service providers and selects teamChapter 4, QA1 and QA2a. Design (Architect, Engineer, or Design Build Team)b. QA, Quality Assurance a66c. Construction Manager (CM)/General Contractor (GC)/ Estimator2. Owners Project Requirements (OPR) a66 Owner, Designer analyze the project site, Owners n

27、eeds, and strategic sets presented in this Guide and document them defining the Owners Project Requirements (OPR)1and goals.Chapter 4, QA3, Table 2-1Chapter 3a. Document Functional and Spatial Requirementsb. Document Energy Efficiency Goals3. Select the Site Owner, Designer, CM Table 2-1, Chapter 3,

28、Chapter 4 EN26 and 29a. Building Orientation Preference a66b. Consider Access to Public Transportation a664. Define Budget (Benchmarks) Owner, Designer, CM, Estimator Chapter 4, QA4a. Develop and Review Design Budget Designer, Ownerb. Develop and Review Construction Budget a66 CM, Estimator, Ownerc.

29、 Develop and Review QA Budget a66 QA5. Design and Construction Schedule Owner, Designer, CM, GC Chapter 4, QA56. Define Specific System Preferences a66 Owner, Designer, CM Chapter 47. Define Energy Costs/Efficiency Program OpportunitiesOwner, Designer8. Codes/Standards Requirements/Targets Designer,

30、 Owner9. Establish Prioritized List of Energy Goals a66 Owner, Designer, CM or GC Table 2-1, Chapter 3 1. Owners Project Requirements. The OPR is a written document that details the functional requirements of a project and the expectations of how thefacility will be used and operated. This includes

31、strategies and recommendation selected from this Guide (see Table 2-1 and Chapter 3) that will beincorporated into the project, anticipated hours of operation provided by the owner, and basis of design assumptions made. The OPR forms the foun-dation of what the team is tasked with accomplishing by d

32、efining project and design goals, measurable performance criteria, Owner directives, bud-get, schedules, and supporting information. Quality assurance process depends on a clear, concise, and comprehensive Owners Project Requirementsdocument (see Chapter 4, “Quality Assurance,” QA3 for more informat

33、ion).CHAPTER 2INTEGRATED PROCESS FOR ACHIEVING ENERGY SAVINGS 7QUALITY ASSURANCE: I N -HOUSE OR THIRD PARTY?Users of this Guide may debate whether to use outside third parties or in-house staff for the quality assurance (QA) tasks in the design, construction,and acceptance phases of the project. A c

34、ase can be made for eitherapproach depending on project budget, design complexity, capabilities of thedesign and construction team, and availability of local commissioning exper-tise. While both approaches can be effective, building owners should insistthat the QA tasks be done by a party who is ind

35、ependent from the designand construction team. Independent review ensures that “fresh eyes” areapplied to energy performance QA.Where the in-house approach is deemed to be in the best interests of thebuilding owner, the QA tasks are best accomplished by personnel with nodirect interest in the projec

36、t. For example, qualified staff working on otherprojects could be assigned as disinterested parties to check and verify thework of their colleagues. However, building owners can expect to get themost independent QA review from outside third parties. Indeed, most of theliterature on building commissi

37、oning and energy performance QA recom-mends or requires independent outside reviews.In either case, building owners should expect to bear the cost of 8-24 pro-fessional staff hours to carry out the recommended QA work scope in chap-ter 4 depending on project specifics.Quality Assurance: During the d

38、esign process the design team docu-ments its design assumptions (basis of design) and includes them in theOPR. A party other than the installing contractor, architect, or engineer ofrecord should review the contract document and verify that it incorporatesthe OPR and the associated strategies contai

39、ned in this Guide before thestart of construction. The owners agent, if qualified, can provide the requiredreview. This review along with subsequent inspection, testing, and reportingis referred to as “commissioning.” The reviewer provides the owner anddesigners with written comments outlining where

40、 items do not comply withenergy efficiency goals. Comments should be resolved and any changesrequired completed before start of construction. The owner may choose touse an outside third-party to perform this review. Once the Design Phase is completed, the party that is independent of thedesign and c

41、onstruction team fulfils the quality assurance role to ensure thatthe goals, strategies, and recommendations are actually installed andachieved. This Guide provides recommendations to ensure that the goals,strategies, and actions selected are properly executed during the laterstages of the building

42、life-cycle in chapter 4 under “Quality Assurance.”8 ADVANCED ENERGY DESIGN GUIDE FOR SMALL OFFICE BUILDINGS2. DESIGN PHASEIn this critical Design Phase, the team develops the energy strategies into buildingplans, sections, details, and specifications. The sequence of many design decisions,such as bu

43、ilding and glazing orientation, as well as other identified strategies in thischapter, have a major impact on energy efficiency. They must, therefore, be made muchsooner in the process than is typically done. The following steps, presented in sequence,identify the appropriate time in the process to

44、apply specific recommendations from thisGuide. Energy in the Context of Design Phase ProcessActivities Responsibilities Where to Find Information1. Develop diagrammatic building plans that satisfy functional program requirementsDesigner2. Incorporate building envelope design strategies to reduce loa

45、ds on energy-using systems a66Designer Table 2-1, Chapter 3, Chapter 43. Develop site plan to make best use of building orientation and daylighting strategies a66 Designer Table 2-1, Chapter 3, Chapter 4, EN26 and EN294. Select building systems and efficiency level a66 Designer, Owner, CM Chapters 3

46、 and 4 Recommendations5. Develop building plans, sections, and details incorporating above strategiesDesigner6. Continue to develop architectural and lighting details, including energy implications. For example: lighting, fenestration, and exterior sun control a66Designer Chapter 3 and 4 7. Refine a

47、esthetic details incorporating above details where applicable, for example: building elevations reflect appropriate location and size of windowsDesigner Chapter 48. Design reviewverify that project meets original goals a66Owner, Designer, QA, CM Chapters 3 and 49. Calculate building HVAC loads. Use

48、recommended loads for lighting power density from this Guide a66Designer, often equipment manufacturer (EM) is involvedChapter 3Chapter 4, “Lighting”10. Match capacity of HVAC systems to design loads. Use efficiency of equipment as recommended by this Guide a66Designer, EM Chapter 3Chapter 4, “Light

49、ing”11. Perform final coordination and integration of architectural, mechanical, and electrical systems a66Designer Chapters 3 and 412. Develop specifications for all systems a66 Designer13. Integrate commissioning specifications into project manual a66QA Chapter 4, “Lighting,” Scope14. Perform final cost estimates CM, GC, Estimator15. Review and provide revisions to final design documentsOwner, Designer, QA Chapter 3, Chapter 4, QA6CHAPTER 2INTEGRATED PROCESS FOR ACHIEVING ENERGY SAVINGS 93. CONSTRUCTIONThe best of design wont yield the expected ene