AASHTO HDG CHAPTER 12-2007 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT (4th edition)《雨水管理》.pdf
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1、 CHAPTER 12 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.CHAPTER 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS 12.1 INTRODUCTION. 12-1 12.1.1 History 12-1 12.1.2 Potential Impacts. 12-2 12.
2、2 REGULATIONS. 12-4 12.2.1 Federal Regulations 12-4 12.2.2 State and Local Regulations 12-6 12.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT DESIGN 12-7 12.3.1 Best Management Practices 12-9 12.3.2 Facility Types 12-10 12.3.2.1 Enhanced Ponds: Wet Detention/Extended Detention 12-10 12.3.2.1.1 Wet Detent
3、ion Ponds . 12-10 12.3.2.1.2 Extended Detention Ponds. 12-11 12.3.2.2 Stormwater Wetland Basins 12-11 12.3.2.3 Infiltration Facilities 12-12 12.3.2.4 Filtering Devices . 12-13 12.3.2.5 Water Quality Inlets 12-13 12.3.2.5.1 Vegetative Systems 12-14 12.3.3 Design Aspects 12-15 12.3.3.1 Ponds . 12-15 1
4、2.3.3.2 Infiltration Facilities 12-17 12.3.3.3 Filtering Devices . 12-18 12.3.4 Documentation 12-19 12.4 CONSTRUCTION 12-20 12.4.1 Pre-Bid/Preconstruction Conference. 12-21 12.4.2 Construction of Best Management Practices 12-21 12.4.2.1 Ponds/Basins . 12-22 12.4.2.2 Infiltration Facilities/Filtering
5、 Devices . 12-23 12.4.2.3 Vegetative Systems . 12-23 12.4.3 Grading . 12-24 12.4.4 Inspection/Quality Control 12-25 12.4.5 Certification and Documentation 12-25 12.4.6 Training and Communication . 12-26 12.5 MAINTENANCE 12-26 12.5.1 Maintenance/Inspection Programs 12-27 12.5.2 Documentation 12-28 12
6、.5.3 Maintainability 12-29 12.5.4 Budgetary Requirements. 12-30 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.Highway Drainage Guidelines 12-iv 12.5.5 Training .12-30 12.6 FUTURE ISSUES.12-31 12.7 CITED REFERENCES12-32 12.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY.12-32 APPENDIX 12A COMMON HIGH
7、WAY RUNOFF CONSTITUENTS AND THEIR PRIMARY SOURCES 12-35 APPENDIX 12B DAM INSPECTION CHECKLIST.12-36 APPENDIX 12C A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CURRENT URBAN BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.12-41 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.Chapter 12 St
8、ormwater Management 12.1 INTRODUCTION Storm drainage, which now includes stormwater management facilities, is an integral and expensive aspect of highway design, highway construction and, all too often forgotten, highway maintenance. This chapter provides an overview of the concepts and practices of
9、 this challenging aspect of highway drainage. The purpose of this chapter is to acquaint the hydraulics engineer with the principles and practices of stormwater management as they relate to transportation facilities. This Chapter provides a brief review of the current and ever-changing maze of regul
10、ations and a discussion of the potential impacts of unmanaged runoff on downstream properties and ecosystems. A large section of the chapter is allotted to the development and implementation of an effective stormwater management program including the application, design, construction and maintenance
11、 of Best Management Practices (BMPs). This chapter also offers some insight into the future of stormwater management and provides a list of reference materials. A stormwater management program should involve a comprehensive approach to both water quantity and quality. Practices, which are adopted in
12、 the areas of operations and maintenance, such as salt containment and reduced pesticide/herbicide usage, can have significant benefits to the environment. Construction practices, which stage grading operations and reduce sediment loads, are also important to the overall management program. This cha
13、pter, however, will focus on the use of permanent structural controls to reduce surface water flood hazards and environmental impacts resulting from highway facilities. Information on temporary controls suited to manage runoff during construction can be found in Chapter 3. 12.1.1 History The methods
14、 with which highway engineers deal with stormwater runoff have evolved and will continue to change as our knowledge grows. To early designers, storm drainage was somewhat incidental to the geometric design of a roadway. As the magnitude, complexity and cost of highway construction grew, along with c
15、oncern for the safety of the traveling public, engineers were required to focus increasing attention on highway drainage. One objective of highway design and construction has always been to protect the highway and its users within the highway right-of-way. Although narrow in scope, the emphasis from
16、 a drainage perspective was on fast and efficient collection, conveyance and discharge of runoff. In response to growing concerns over urban flooding in the 2007 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.Highway Drainage Guidelines 12-2 1960s and subsequent environmen
17、tal concerns in the 1970s of water pollution and stream erosion due to increased development, drainage engineers began to consider the impacts of stormwater runoff beyond the highway right-of-way line. They developed methods to quantify the flood hazards and impacts and devised means to minimize and
18、 control stormwater. Thus, the concept of stormwater management was first applied. Early attempts (practiced by only a few State and local governments) to control runoff by stormwater management were limited to peak discharge attenuation (quantity management) for flood control or reduction in draina
19、ge system cost. The concept has expanded to include removal of certain pollutants (quality management) regulated by various State, local and regional jurisdictions. Now, under the Clean Water Act as administered through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program and t
20、he Coastal Zone Reauthorization Act, stormwater quality management is in effect nationwide. A detailed outline of the program requirements is included in Section 12.2.1. 12.1.2 Potential Impacts Large-scale, land-disturbing activities characterized by highway construction and other development may c
21、ause increases in runoff volumes and peak runoff rates. These increases are attributable to a higher percentage of impervious cover, removal of vegetation, more efficient conveyances, and a loss of soil permeability caused by compaction during development. The decreased time of concentration contrib
22、utes to higher peak rates of runoff, while the loss of infiltration and interception create greater runoff volumes. These effects are most noticeable on frequent storms (return periods of less than 10 years). The resultant increases in peak runoff rates and runoff volumes create additional stress on
23、 the stream channels and can increase the potential for channel erosion/degradation. The extent of impacts resulting from highway construction alone will vary depending on the watershed size, state of present development, additional pavement proposed, topography and drainage patterns. The hydraulics
24、 engineer must be aware of these possible consequences and evaluate each project according to the potential risk to the watershed. The potential impacts to receiving waters, which result directly and indirectly from highway construction and other development, as a whole, include: flooding, bank eros
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