Electronic VotingDown for the Count-.ppt
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1、Electronic Voting Down for the Count?,Charles P Riedesel University of Nebraska, Lincoln Computer Science & Engineering,Where I am coming from,Mathematician “fair” elections are impossible Computer scientist/engineer designing errorless/unhackable computer hardware and software is impossible Politit
2、ion fooling the people all the time is impossible,Where am I coming from?,I teach computer organization By the end of freshman year my students can design the circuitry of a functional computer. I know how to hide an “Easter Egg” in hardware that is virtually impossible to find. Counterfeit chips ar
3、e already a problem An Easter Egg is a surprise that can be uncovered by very particular actions, a “Cryptic Knock” Example: MicroSoft Excel 97 had a hidden flight simulator, activated by keying at special cell Cryptic knocks can be used to wake up trojan horses!,Where am I coming from?,I have taugh
4、t operating systems and compiler construction at the jr/sr/grad level. With this knowledge we can replace and/or modify COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) software to do things totally unexpected by unknowing programmers.,Where am I coming from?,I have gone through a lot of the technical reports about
5、voting systems hardware and software, and can make sense and comment of most of it. My colleagues who are more expert at communication networks and software engineering aspects can absorb it all.,Todays Agenda,The role of elections in our democracy Makings of an election Rise and fall of the DRE Oth
6、er players, organizations, documents Recommendations,The Role of Elections in Our Democracy,Inherent mathematical flaws of elections An election is only a snapshot of those voting Weighted voting One person, one vote? Legitimacy based on trust Principles for a good election,Inherent Mathematical Fla
7、ws of Elections,Winning is not transitive Three-way race with Alice, Bob and Calvin based on three equally important issues of abortion, taxes, and war. Voters prefer Alice, then Bob, then Calvin on abortion. Voters prefer Bob, then Calvin, then Alice on taxes. Voters prefer Calvin, then Alice, then
8、 Bob on war In two way races Alice beats Bob, Bob beats Calvin, and Calvin beats Alice!,An Election is only a Snapshot,Elections are held on one day (usually) Polls demonstrate dynamics of a race Sensitive to late-breaking news, charges New information after the election Election really valid for 2,
9、 4, or 6 years?,Weighted Voting,What if Alice beats Bob, but it is only because 51% mildly prefer Alice, but 49% detest Alice and adore Bob? Overall, Bob is better liked! What if Calvin beats Don 55% to 45%. Instead of winner takes all, put both in office and weigh their single vote 55-45 on all iss
10、ues!,One Person, One Vote?,You are smart, well versed on issues. The idiot with an IQ of 40 on your right really has no idea what is going on. The blow-hard on your left is caught up in some single-issue thing. Should your vote really count the same as either of theirs?,Legitimacy Based on Trust,Num
11、erous flaws in elections Possibility of mathematically invalid results Can anyone find a better way? What level of imperfection can we tolerate? Essential that winners and losers alike buy in to the system and accept results,Principles for a Good Election,Vote storage mechanisms should be Simple Rel
12、iable Durable (for the votes) Tamper-evident History-independent Subliminal-free Cost effective,Principles for a Good Election,Voters need to know their vote is Accurately recorded Counted in the total Anonymous no way to track back who voted how Private no possible evidence to show anyone how he/sh
13、e voted,Makings of an Election,Voting system machinery GEMS Electronic Voting Machines DRE, DRE with VVPT, PCOS Process of an election Regulatory actors HAVA NIST, TGDC, EAC, STS ITAs ciber, Wyle Labs, SysTest Labs NASED FEC,Voting System Machinery,GEMS: General Election Management System the comput
14、er and software that takes in and processes the results from all the voting machines DRE: Direct Recording Electronic voting machine votes recorded in software DRE with VVPT: Voter Verifiable Paper Trail votes also recorded on paper PCOS: Precinct Center Optical Scan scans and records vote upon bein
15、g cast,Process of an Election,Election Definition define races, candidates, districts, precincts Configure Voting Equipment, Print Ballots geography makes each precinct different Pre-Election Test Verify that everything is ready Election Day Open polls, vote, close polls Canvassing Compute and publi
16、sh totals, archive results (Copied from a slide by Douglas Jones),Regulatory Actors,HAVA: Help America Vote Act, 2002, Get rid of hanging chad, Eliminate mechanical voting machines, Central count for absentee ballots only, Promote accessibility for disabled voters, Fund new machines, Set up new agen
17、cies,Regulatory Actors,NIST: National Institute of Standards & Technology technical advisor to TGDC: Technical Guidelines Development Committee advisory board to (note: Nebraska Secretary Of State John A. Gale is a member of TGDC!) EAC: U.S. Elections Assistance Commission handful of presidential ap
18、pointees STS: Security and Transparency Subcommittee of TGDC “Requiring Software Independence in VVSG 2007” recommendation to TGDC 11/2006,Regulatory Actors,ITAs: Independent Testing Authorities Ciber: employs standard methodologies for evaluating correctness and quality of software Jan 2007 in trou
19、ble for not following quality control procedures and lack of documentation Wyle Labs: review source code, does hardware testing and functional testing of voting machines SysTest: quality assurance, software test engineering, verification & validation,Regulatory Actors,NASED (National Organization of
20、 State Election Directors) under the Election Center to which the ITAs report, part of the old FEC (Federal Election Commission),Rise and Fall of the DRE,The Direct Recording Electronic machine Hopkins Report SAIC Report Compuware Report Raba Report VSTAAB Report Hursti II Report Princeton Report Ne
21、dap Report,Rise and Fall of the DRE,Major makers of DREs are Sequoia Diebold ES&S Policy of “Security through Obscurity” Fundamental Challenge electronic votes can evaporate with NO remaining evidence, unlike paper ballots Not a transparent process,Rise and Fall of the DRE,Categories of Possible Att
22、acks Corrupt software inserted prior to election day Wireless or other remote control attacks Attacks on tally servers Miscalibration of machines Shutting off voting machine features Denial-of-service attacks Corrupt poll workers actions Attacks on ballots or VVPT (thanks to Brennan Center for Justi
23、ce),Rise and Fall of the DRE,Challenges for the Attacker Overcome vendor motivation Finding an insertion opportunity Obtaining technical knowledge Obtaining election knowledge Changing votes Eluding inspection Eluding testing and detection Avoiding detection after polls close (thanks to Brennan Cent
24、er for Justice),Rise and Fall of the DRE,Hopkins Report Bev Harris discovered an ftp site for Diebold that contained the software for its DRE, the AccuVote-TS. She took it to Aviel Rubin of Stanford. “Analysis of an Electronic Voting System” by Aviel Rubin, et. al., 7/23/2003 Based just on code anal
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