IEEE 81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System.pdf

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1、 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System Sponsored by the Substations Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 28 December 2012 IEEE Power and Energy SocietyIEEE Std 81-2012(Revision of IEEE Std 81-1983) IEEE St

2、d 81TM-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 81-1983) IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System Sponsor Substations Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Approved 5 December 2012 IEEE-SA Standards BoardApproved 3 October 2014 Ameri

3、can National Standards InstituteAbstract: Practical test methods and techniques are presented for measuring the electrical characteristics of grounding systems. Topics addressed include safety considerations, measuring earth resistivity, measuring the power system frequency resistance or impedance o

4、f the ground system to remote earth, measuring the transient or surge impedance of the ground system to remote earth, measuring step and touch voltages, verifying the integrity of the grounding system, reviewing common methods for performing ground testing, reviewing instrumentation characteristics

5、and limitations, and reviewing various factors that can distort test measurements. Keywords: electrical measurements, ground impedance, ground potential rise, ground resistance, ground testing, IEEE 81TM, remote earth, soil resistivity The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Pa

6、rk Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2012 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 28 December 2012. Printed in the United States of America. National Electrical Safety Code and NESC are registered trademarks in the U.S. Patent +1 978

7、 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of IEEE Standards documents should consult all app

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19、ble or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. vi Copyright 20

20、12 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System Working Group had the following membership: Dennis DeCosta, Chair Robert

21、Brown, Vice Chair William Sheh, Secretary Hanna Abdallah Stan Arnot Thomas Barnes Bryan Beske Dale Boling Steven Brown K. S. Chan Koushik Chanda E. Peter Dick Marcia Eblen Gary Engmann D. Lane Garrett Steven Greenfield Martin Havelka Jeffrey Jowett Richard Keil Dave Kelley Donald Laird Henri Lemeill

22、eur Allen Love Sakis Meliopoulos Mike Noori Robert Nowell Shashi Patel Jesse Rorabaugh Hamid Sharifnia Douglas Smith Curtis Stidham Brian Story Alexander WongThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or absten

23、tion. Hanna Abdallah William Ackerman Michael Adams Ali Al Awazi Stan Arnot Michael Baldwin Thomas Barnes Robert Barnett G. Bartok Earle Bascom III George Becker W. J. (Bill) Bergman Bryan Beske Steven Bezner Wallace Binder Dale Boling Dieter Braun Jeffrey Britton Derek Brown Steven Brown William Bu

24、sh Mark Bushnell William Byrd Thomas Callsen Michael Champagne Koushik Chanda Robert Christman Randy Clelland Bryan Cole Jerry Corkran Alireza Daneshpooy Glenn Davis Dennis DeCosta Gary Donner Douglas Dorr Donald Dunn Marcia Eblen Michael Edds Gary Engmann Brian Erga C. Erven Rabiz Foda Marcel Forti

25、n Fredric Friend D. Lane Garrett George Gela Frank Gerleve David Giegel David Gilmer Jalal Gohari Edwin Goodwin James Graham Joseph Gravelle Steven Greenfield Randall Groves Bal Gupta Ajit Gwal David Harris Martin Havelka Lee Herron Gary Heuston Scott Hietpas Raymond Hill Robert Hoerauf Ronald Hotch

26、kiss R. Jackson Joseph Jancauskas Jeffrey Jowett Richard Keil Chad Kennedy Gael Kennedy Yuri Khersonsky Chad Kiger James Kinney Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu Donald Laird Chung-Yiu Lam Benjamin Lanz Thomas La Rose Michael Lauxman Albert Livshitz Debra Longtin Greg Luri

27、 Jinxi Ma Jorge Marquez John Mcalhaney, Jr. William McBride Edward McCall William McCoy Nigel McQuin Daleep Mohla Georges Montillet Adi Mulawarman Jerry Murphy Arun Narang Dennis Neitzel vii Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Arthur Neubauer Michael S. Newman Nick S. A. Nikjoo Robert Nowell L

28、orraine Padden Donald Parker Bansi Patel Shashi Patel Donald Platts Percy Pool Reynaldo Ramos Johannes Rickmann Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Jesse Rorabaugh Thomas Rozek Steven Sano Bartien Sayogo Dennis Schlender Robert Seitz Devki Sharma William Sheh Gil Shultz Douglas Smith James Smith Jerry Sm

29、ith Gary Stoedter Brian Story Allan St. Peter William Taylor David Tepen John Toth Jonathan Tucker John Vergis Keith Wallace S. Frank Waterer Yingli Wen Donald Wengerter Kenneth White James Wilson Alexander Wong Larry Yonce Larry Young Jian Yu Luis Zambrano Matthew Zeedyk When the IEEE-SA Standards

30、Board approved this standard on 5 December 2012, it had the following membership: Richard H. Hulett, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair Robert Grow, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Satish Aggarwal Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma William Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael Diab Jean-Philippe

31、 Faure Alexander Gelman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Thomas Lee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Mike Seavey Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Boa

32、rd liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Catherine Berger IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Soo H. Kim IEEE Client Services Manager, Professional Services viii Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is

33、 not part of IEEE Std 81-2012, IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System. IEEE Std 81TM-1983 B36awas prepared by the Power System Instrumentation and Measurement Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society. The guide was inten

34、ded to cover the majority of field measurements that did not require special, high-precision equipment and did not address unusual difficulties that can occur in large grounding systems, abnormally high stray alternating currents (ac) or direct currents (dc), and so on. In 1991, IEEE Std 81 was reaf

35、firmed and IEEE Std 81.2-1991 B37 was released to cover the measurement of very low impedances (less than 1 ohm) along with specialized instrumentation, measurement techniques, and safety considerations. After nearly two decades of inactivity, the Substation Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy So

36、ciety determined that IEEE Std 81-1983 and IEEE Std 81.2-1991 contained subject matter that is very relevant for applications in electric utility facilities, but the standards needed to be updated. A working group was formed to combine both standards into a singular document that included updated instrumentation, techniques, and information. This document represents the efforts of that working group. aThe numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex F.