【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-20及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-20 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and human feeling. (1) of information have nothing to do with it. A merely well-informed man is the most useless (2) on Gods earth. What we should (3) at producing i

2、s men who (4) both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start (5) , and their culture will lead them as (6) as philosophy and as high as (7) We have to remember that the valuable (8) development is self-development, and that it (

3、9) takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve.In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must (10) of what I will call “inert ideas“ that is to say, ideas that are merely (11) into the

4、mind without being (12) , or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations.In the history of education, the most (13) phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a craze for genius, in a (14) generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine. The reason is that they are overla

5、de with inert ideas. Except at (15) intervals of intellectual motivation, education in the past has been radically (16) with inert ideas. That is the reason why (17) clever women, who have seen much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been save

6、d from this horrible (18) of inert ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has ever stirred humanity (19) greatness has been a (20) protest against inert ideas.（分数：10.00）(1).A Chips B Scraps C Fractions D Plates（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A bore B irony C snob D gut（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A point B aim C c

7、lutch D snap（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A identify B occupy C possess D ensure（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A with B from C into D beyond（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A linear B deep C militant D odd（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A zoom B art C rap D poll（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A rational B physiological C divine D intellectual（分数：0.50）

8、A.B.C.D.(9).A mostly B randomly C seldom D regularly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A beware B dispose C ensure D boast（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A contained B received C squeezed D embedded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A utilized B assessed C gauged D geared（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A integral B classical C obscure D strikin

9、g（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A succeeding B preceding C accompanying D emerging（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A rare B minor C scarce D regular（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A infected B influenced C instructed D endowed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A unrefined B unintended C unrestrained D uneducated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A load B

10、 burden C gap D span（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A off B on C into D with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A violent B passionate C exempt D idealistic（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Newsweek recently asked 1,000 U. S. citizens to take Americas of

11、ficial citizenship test, 29 percent couldnt name the vice president. Seventy-three percent couldnt correctly say why we fought the Cold War. Forty-four percent were unable to define the Bill of Rights. And 6 percent couldnt even circle Independence Day on a calendar.Dont get us wrong: civic ignoranc

12、e is nothing new. For as long as theyve existed, Americans have been misunderstanding checks and balances and misidentifying their senators. And theyve been lamenting the ignorance of their peers ever since pollsters started publishing these dispiriting surveys back in Harry Trumans day. According t

13、o a study by Michael X. Delli Carpini, dean of the Annenberg School for Communication, the yearly shifts in civic knowledge since World War II have averaged out to “slightly under 1 percent. “But the world has changed. And unfortunately, its becoming more and more inhospitable to incurious know-noth

14、ingslike us. To appreciate the risks involved, its important to understand where American ignorance comes from. In March 2009, the European Journal of Communication asked citizens of Britain, Denmark, Finland, and the U.S. to answer questions on international affairs. The Europeans outdid us. It was

15、 only the latest in a series of polls that have shown us lagging behind our First World peers.Most experts agree that the relative complexity of the U. S. political system makes it hard for Americans to keep up. In many European countries, parliaments have proportional representation, and the majori

16、ty party rules without having to “share power with a lot of subnational governments,“ notes Yale political scientist Jacob Hacker. In contrast, were saddled with a nonproportional Senate; a tangle of state, local, and federal bureaucracies; and near-constant elections for every imaginable office (ju

17、dge, sheriff, school-board member, and so on). “Nobody is competent to understand it all, which you realize every time you vote,“ says Michael Schudson, author of The Good Citizen. “You know youre going to come up short, and that discourages you from learning more. “It doesnt help that the United St

18、ates has one of the highest levels of income inequality in the developed world, with the top 400 households raking in more money than the bottom 60 percent combined. As Dalton Conley, an NYU sociologist, explains, “its like comparing apples and oranges. Unlike Denmark, we have a lot of very poor peo

19、ple without access to good education, and a huge immigrant population that doesnt even speak English. “ When surveys focus on well-off, native-born respondents, the U. S. actually holds its own against Europe.For more than two centuries, Americans have gotten away with not knowing much about the wor

20、ld around them. But times have changedand theyve changed in ways that make civic ignorance a big problem going forward. We suffer from a lack of information rather than a lack of ability. Whether thats a treatable affliction or a terminal illness remains to be seen. But nows the time to start search

21、ing for a cure.（分数：10.00）(1).Back in Trumans day, AmericansA were well aware of what was going on around them.B already showed much ignorance about public affairs.C did not know as much about civil rights as they do now.D lamented the ignorance of the pollsters involved in surveys.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(

22、2).The author implies in Paragraph 3 thatA it is all the more important for Americans to know the less friendly world.B the risks in remaining ignorant in a fasting changing world will be costly.C America should learn from Europe in training and educating its citizens.D Americans knowledge about the

23、 world has been increasing slowly each year.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Jacob Hacker implies that the British political systemA is much less complicated than that of America.B is more centralized in terms of power and government.C is less democratic and ignores a lot of civil rights.D is less bureaucratic

24、and works more efficiently.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraphs 4 and 5 are written toA explain how American political system works.B explain how to root out income inequality in America.C propose a solution to Americas civic ignorance.D explore the roots of Americas civic ignorance.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).

25、Americas civic ignoranceA is largely attributable to its unwillingness to learn.B can not be corrected by any kind of method.C has become an affliction in the fast-changing world.D can be traced back to its rising dominance in the worlds affairs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“You are not

26、here to tell me what to do. You are here to tell me why I have done what I have already decided to do,“ Montagu Norman, the Bank of Englands longest-serving governor (1920-1944), is reputed to have once told his economic adviser. Today, thankfully, central banks aim to be more transparent in their d

27、ecision making, as well as more rational. But achieving either of these things is not always easy. With the most laudable of intentions, the Federal Reserve, Americas central bank, may be about to take a step that could backfire.Unlike the Fed, many other central banks have long declared explicit in

28、flation targets and then set interest rates to try to meet these. Some economists have argued that the Fed should do the same. With Alan Greenspan, the Feds much-respected chairman, due to retire next yearafter a mere 18 years in the jobsome Fed officials want to adopt a target, presumably to mainta

29、in the central banks credibility in the scary new post-Greenspan era. The Fed discussed such a target at its February meeting, according to minutes published this week. This sounds encouraging. However, the Fed is considering the idea just when some other central banks are beginning to question whet

30、her strict inflation targeting really works.At present central banks focus almost exclusively on consumer-price indices. On this measure Mr. Greenspan can boast that inflation remains under control. But some central bankers now argue that the prices of assets, such as houses and shares, should also

31、somehow be taken into account. A broad price index for America which includes house prices is currently running at 5.5%, its fastest pace since 1982. Inflation has simply taken a different form.Should central banks also try to curb increases in such asset prices? Mr. Greenspan continues to insist th

32、at monetary policy should not be used to prick asset-price bubbles. Identifying bubbles is difficult, except in retrospect, he says, and interest rates are a blunt weapon: an increase big enough to halt rising prices could trigger a recession. It is better, he says, to wait for a housing or stock ma

33、rket bubble to burst and then to cushion the economy by cutting interest ratesas he did in 2001-2002.And yet the risk is not just that asset prices can go swiftly into reverse. As with traditional inflation, surging asset prices also distort price signals and so can cause a misallocation of resource

34、sencouraging too little saving, for example, or too much investment in housing. Surging house prices may therefore argue for higher interest rates than conventional inflation would demand. In other words, strict inflation targetingthe fad of the 1990sis too crude.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “minutes“ (Li

35、ne 6, Paragraph 2) most probably means_.A recordB new-letterC announcementD motive（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, it is upsetting that the Federal Reserve does not take into account inflation targets_.A until what to do is clarifiedB until explicit inflation targets are declaredC until i

36、ncreases in asset prices are curbedD until its efficiency is cast doubt on（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).We can learn from the third paragraph that_.A increases in asset prices are interfered by the Federal ReservesB more emphasis should be placed on consumer-price indicesC changes have taken place in the pat

37、tern of inflationD inflation have been brought under federal control（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It is implied in the fourth paragraph that Mr. Greenspan is skeptical of_.A the stipulation of anti-monopoly rules and regulationsB the intervention by central banks in asset pricesC the prevention of economic r

38、ecessionD the countdown by the Federal Reserve of new economic upheavals（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the followings would be the best title for the text?A American Monetary Conundrums Are Readily Deciphered.B American Central Banks Are on the Verge of Extinction.C Conventional Inflation Target Is B

39、est Employed in Transparent Environment.D Americas Monetary Policy Is off Target.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)El Nino is the term used for the period when sea surface temperatures are above normal off the South American coast along the equatorial Pacific, sometimes called the Earths hear

40、tbeat, and is a dramatic but mysterious climate system that periodically rages across the Pacific.El Nino means “the little boy“ or “the Christ child“ in Spanish, and is so called because its warm current is felt along coastal Peru and Ecuador around Christmas. But the local warming is just part of

41、an intricate set of changes in the ocean and atmosphere across the tropical Pacific, which covers a third of the Earths circumference. Its intensity is such that it affects temperatures, storm tracks and rainfall around the world.Droughts in Africa and Australia, tropical storms in the Pacific, torr

42、ential rains along the Californian coast and lush greening of Peruvian deserts have all been ascribed to the whim of EI Nino. Until recently it has been returning about every three to five years. But recently it has become more frequent-for the first time on record it has returned for a fourth conse

43、cutive year-and at the same time a giant pool of unusually warm water has settled down in the middle of the Pacific and is showing no signs of moving.Climatologists dont yet know why, though some are saying these aberrations may signal a worldwide change in climate. The problem is that nobody really

44、 seems sure what causes the El Nin o to start up, and what makes some stronger than others. And this makes it particularly hard to explain why it has suddenly started behaving so differently.In the absence of EI Nino and its cold counterpart, La Nina, conditions in the tropical eastern Pacific are t

45、he opposite of those in the west. the east is cool and dry, while the west is hot and wet. In the east, its the winds and currents that keep things cool. It works like this. Strong, steady winds, called trade winds, blowing west across the Pacific drag the surface water along with them. The varying

46、influence of the Earths rotation at different latitudes, known as the Coriolis effect, causes these surface winds and water to veer towards the poles, north in the northern hemisphere and south in the southern hemisphere. The surface water is replaced by colder water from deeper in the ocean in a pr

47、ocess known as upwelling.The cold surface water in turn chills the air above it. This cold dense air cannot rise high enough for water vapor to condense into clouds. The dense air creates an area of high pressure so that the atmosphere over the equatorial eastern Pacific is essentially devoid of rai

48、nfall.（分数：10.00）(1).The writer begins the text withA a description of a scene.B a root cause of EI Nino.C a narrative of an event.D a definition of EI Nino.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written toA discuss the causes of climatic irregularities.B exemplify the abnormal effects of EI Nino.C explain the way in which EI Nino develops.D show the recent observations of scientists.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “aberrations“ (Paragraph 4) can best be replaced byA irregularities.B destructions.C frequencies.D intensities.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be in