【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-19及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-19 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions threatens the public, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of affliction and find ways to combat. Vaccination is one of the effective ways to protect the (1) p

2、opulation of a region or country which may be (2) grave risk. The process of vaccination allows the patients body to (3) immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it (4) naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead (5) of the disease is actually injected in

3、to the patient in a controlled environment, (6) his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader (7) . Information (8) how to penetrate the diseases defenses is (9) to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cel

4、l to cell. This makes sure that (10) the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to (11) with it, having already done so before.There are, however, dangers (12) in the process. (13) , even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vacci

5、ne proves (14) much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system (15) , and, therefore, the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, (16) to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly (17) the whole Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. (18) 1

6、 in 10,000 people who receive the vaccine (19) the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Consequently, the process, which is truly a (20) , may indeed hide some hidden curses. Notes: proportions(pl.)规模；程度；大小。affliction(疾病)痛苦。vaccination n.接种疫苗。eradicate v.根除，消灭。（分数：10.00）(1).A e

7、ntire B total C complete D complex（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A in B at C under D beyond（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A eliminate B identify C develop D deliver（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A up B against C with D off（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A strain B spell C series D fit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A only if B so that C in case D see

8、ing that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A radically B directly C properly D presumably（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A for B of C to D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A transmitted B transferred C transported D transformed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A would B should C if only D even if（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A handle B familiarize C dea

9、l D tackle（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A available B plausible C accessible D inherent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A On occasion B By contrast C In addition D On the contrary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A so B too C rather D quite（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A hurting B hindering C deteriorating D endangering（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(

10、16).A invented B discovered C investigated D designed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A wiped out B ruled out C break down D died out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A Fortunately B Approximately C Naturally D Specifically（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A infects B affects C effects D contracts（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A luck B triump

11、h C blessing D promise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)September 11th 2001 drew the transatlantic alliance together; but the mood did not last, and over the five years since it has pulled ever further apart. A recent poll for the Germ

12、an Marshall Fund shows that 57% of Europeans regard American leadership in world affairs as “undesirable“. The Iraq war is mainly to blame. But there is another and more. intractable reason for the growing division: God.Europeans worry that American foreign policy under George Bush is too influenced

13、 by religion. The “holy warriors“ who hijacked the planes on September 11th reintroduced God into international affairs in the most dramatic of ways. It seems that George Bush is replying in kind, encouraging a clash of religions that could spell global catastrophe.Dominique Moisi, a special adviser

14、 at the French Institute for International Relations, argues that “the combination of religion and nationalism in America is frightening. We feel betrayed by God and by nationalism, which is why we are building the European Union as a barrier to religious warfare.“ Josef Braml, of the German Institu

15、te for International and Security Affairs, complains that in America “religious attitudes have more of an influence on political choices than in any other western democracy.“The notion that America is too influenced by religion is not confined to the elites. Three in five French people and nearly as

16、 many Dutch think that Americans are too religious-and that religion skews what should be secular decisions. Europeans who think that America is “too religious“ are more inclined to anti-Americanism than their fellow countrymen. 38% of Britons have an unfavourable view of America, but that number ri

17、ses to 50% among people who are wary of American religiosity.Is America engaged in a faith-based foreign policy? Religion certainly exerts a growing influence on its actions in the world, but in ways more subtle and complicated than Europeans imagine. It is true that America is undergoing a religiou

18、s revival. “Hot“ religions such as evangelical Protestantism and hardline Catholicism are growing rapidly while “cool“ mainline versions of Christianity are declining. It is also true that the Republican Party, is being reshaped by this revival. Self-identified evangelicals provided almost 40% of Mr

19、. Bushes vote in 2004; if you add in other theological conservatives, such as Mormons and traditional Catholics, that number rises closer to 60%. All six top Republican leaders in the Senate have earned 100K ratings from the Christian Coalition.It is also true that Mr. Bush frequently uses religious

20、 rhetoric when talking of foreign affairs. On September 12th he was at it again, telling a group of conservative journalists that he sees the war on terror as “a confrontation between good and evil“, and remarking, “It seems to me that theres a Third Awakening“ (in other words, an outbreak of Christ

21、ian evangelical fervour, of the sort that has swept across America at least twice before). And Christian America overall is taking a bigger interest in foreign policy. New voices are being heard, such as Sam Brownback, a conservative senator from Kansas who has led the fight against genocide in Darf

22、ur, and Rick Warren, the author of a bestseller called “The Purpose-Driven Life“, who is sending 2,000 missionaries to Rwanda.Finally, it is true that religious figures have done some pretty outrageous things. Pat Robertson called for the assassination of Hugo Ch vez, the president of Venezuela. Lie

23、utenant-General William “Jerry“ Boykin, deputy under-secretary of defence for intelligence, toured the country telling Christian groups that radical Muslims hate America “because were a Christian nation and the enemy is a guy named Satan“. He often wore uniform.（分数：10.00）(1).The increasing transatla

24、ntic schism, according to the text, results from _.A terrorist attacksB American reliance on deityC intractable reasonD multiple factors（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The phrase “in kind“ in the last sentence of the second paragraph most probably denotes _.A “with something tender“B “with kindness“C “out of c

25、harity impulse“D “with something similar/（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The view mentioned in the third paragraph at least prevail among _.A the European UnionB the religious establishmentC the special adviserD the elites（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).With which of the following statements would the author be most like

26、ly to agree?A Americas foreign policy seems strongly influenced by religion. But that influence is much more complex than its critics suppose.B In the world of good and evil American foreign policy is bound to be fruitless.C The growing disparity which is created by God has been existing. But the gu

27、lf of the transatlantic alliance will be bridged.D Religious figures have made some pretty outrageous things that could be compromised by means non-violent means.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author evidences his own notion by advancing _.A four factsB far-fetched pretextsC random hypothesisD powerful pr

28、eachers（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the eve of global warming negotiations, scientists from several Western nations are clamoring for a crash program to develop clean energy that would rival the Manhattan Project and the Apollo mission to the moon.Writing in Thursdays issue of the jou

29、rnal Nature, scientists from North America and Europe predicted that global warming will soon become the environmental equivalent of the Cold War as the worlds increasing reliance on fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide and other heattrapping pollutants into the atmosphere. The 11 scientists ur

30、ged negotiators at environmental talks scheduled to begin Nov. 2 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to push for a mobilization of scientific resources to develop alternative forms of energy, such as solar, wind and nuclear power. “Developing and commercializing carbon-flee power technologies by the mid-21s

31、t century could require efforts, perhaps international, pursued with the urgency of the Manhattan Project or the Apollo space program,“ said Martin Hoffert, a physicist at New York University. Only 20% or less of todays energy use comes from carbon-free sources. The Nature paper is unusual because i

32、t contains broad policy recommendations. Normally, the journal publishes straightforward scientific studies.Last year, governments meeting in Kyoto, Japan, agreed to emission reductions by the United States, Japan, the 15-nation European Union and 21 other industrial nations. The nations are to cut

33、their output of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to 5% below their 1990 levels by 2012. This year, negotiators for 166 nations are meeting to determine how each country will achieve the reductions.To some, rising annual average temperatures in the 1990s amount to early proof that global war

34、ming has arrived and that the current treaty wont protect nations from climatic upheaval during the 21st century. Some scientists said global warming is inevitable and no amount of effortnot even a crash programwill prevent it. “We will experience a substantial amount of further climate change even

35、if we make huge cuts in emissions,“ said Martin Parry of University College in London. Others said there are many ways of reducing global warming without mobilizing scientists worldwide. Energy conservation and efficiency, such as greater use of cleaner-burning natural gas and nuclear power, might b

36、e a cheaper solution, they say. Smokestack and tailpipe controls, as well as planting trees, can reduce pollution, too. Countries can also provide utilities with financial incentives to invest in experimental technologies.Even optimists at the meeting agreed that demand for crude oil will outstrip p

37、roduction by 2020 and that worldwide reserves will be exhausted by 2100. Oil shortages and higher prices will make the world a more dangerous place, they warned.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the word “crash“ probably meansA destructive. B urgent. C advanced. D universal.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).

38、The author compared the clean energy campaign to Manhattan Project and the Apollo mission to show thatA the world will come to its end short of this campaign.B the campaign puts at stake the benefits of all nations.C the campaign has an epoch-making significance.D the campaign entails the efforts of

39、 an unprecedented scale.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is particular about the Nature paper?A It presents a clear picture of the precent environmental problem before us.B It contains very convincing and straightforward scientific statistics.C It advocates the study and use of non-polluting sources of ene

40、rgy.D It presents its findings about global warming and proposes some polices.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Those who consider global warming inevitable believe thatA even substantial emission reductions can not prevent its arrival.B only international efforts can help to slow it down, if not to stop it.C th

41、e Kyoto agreement is too ambitious to be of any practical value.D the effect of the present emission-reducing efforts can only be seen in the next century.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is NOT considered a way of combating global warming?A Using fossil fuels more efficiently.B Introduci

42、ng advanced technologies to improve utilities.C Building taller smokestacks.D Increasing the use of carbon-free sources.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)People can get emotional about immigration. Bill OReilly, a talk-show host, devoted a recent segment to the story of an illegal alien who g

43、ot drunk and accidentally killed two attractive white girls with his car. If only he had been deported for previous misdemeanours, Mr. OReilly raged, those girls would still be alive. Another talk-show host, Geraldo Rivera, during an on-air shout-joust(争吵) with Mr. O Reilly, denounced his demagogic

44、choice of story-angle as“ a sin“.President George Bush tried again this week to bring a more rational tone to the debate. He urged the new Democratic Congress to revive the immigration reforms that the old Republican Congress killed last year. His proposal was broadly the same as before. He said he

45、wanted to make it harder to enter America illegally, but easier to do so legally, and to offer a path to citizenship for the estimated 12m illegals who have already snuck in.The first part faces few political hurdles and is already well under way. Mr. Bush expects to have doubled the number of Borde

46、r Patrol agents by the end of next year. The new recruits are being trained. And to defend against the invading legions of would-be gardeners and hotel cleaners, the frontier is also equipped with high-tech military gizmos(小发明), such as unmanned spy planes with infra-red(红外) cameras. This may be hav

47、ing some effect. Mr. Bush boasted that the number of people caught sneaking over the border had fallen by nearly 30% this year.And the controversial part of Mr. Bushs immigration package-allowing more immigrants in and offering those already in America a chance to become legal - is still just a plan

48、. House Republicans squashed it last year. Mr. Bush senses a second chance with the new Democratic Congress, but Democrats, like Republicans, are split on the issue. Some, notably Ted Kennedy, think America should embrace hard- working migrants. Others fret that hard-working migrants will undercut t

49、he wages of the native-born.Mr. Bush would like to see the pro-immigrant wings of both parties work together to give him a bill he can sign. The Senate is expected to squeeze in a debate next month. The administration is trying to entice law-and-order Republicans on board; a recent leaked memo talked of substantial