【考研类试卷】西医综合-外科学-18及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-外科学-18 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The conception of poverty and what to (1) about it have changed over the decades. Under Social Darwinism the lazy and the (2) were supposed to be at the bottom of the economic ladder as (3) of the “law of survival of the fitt

2、est“. Society was (4) as a network of self-sufficient families which provided for their own. (5) persons outside a household (orphans, the (6) elderly, and the crippled ) were provided outdoor relief grudgingly and as a temporary expedient (权宜之计). Although it was (7) that “the poor will always be wi

3、th us“, the individual was expected to improve himself (8) acts of his own will. Charity was thought to be the (9) of idleness. By keeping wages low, laborers would be (10) to work harder. At about the turn of the century, the beginning of concern about natural (11) brought uneasiness about the poss

4、ible spread of beggary. There was a potentially dangerous class in (12) of disease and disorder. The “poor“ were (13) as different from “paupers“ Paupers were individuals well (14) to being on the low end of the socioeconomic (15) Without shame or bitterness, they would not seek independence and a “

5、 (16) “ life. For the mountaineers, the subsistence dwellers, and some slum dwellers, the lack of wealth, (17) has been argued, reflects a preference not to pay the psychological costs of the struggle for fiches or of adopting the middle class work ethic of striving. In (18) , the worthy poor strugg

6、led to (19) their lot against circumstances beyond their control: low wages, sickness, industrial (20) , widowhood (孀居) and so on. （分数：10.00）(1).A find B do C work D deal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A inefficient B invalid C ineffective D inaccessible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A an effect B a result C an outcome

7、D a consequence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A imagined B estimated C conceived D guessed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A Pity B Needy C Shabby D Greedy（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A childless B childly C childlike D childish（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A agreed B concurred C assented D consented（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A through B by C

8、with D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A nurse B evil C patient D ward（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A promoted B admired C encouraged D excited（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A resource B source C origin D resources（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A respects B terms C regards D views（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A seen B noticed C watched D pre

9、dicted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A admitted B adjusted C applied D adapted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A measure B scale C standard D scales（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A poor B better C humble D miserable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A it B what C that D which（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A analogy B contrast C comparison D contrary

10、（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A increase B enrich C improve D develop（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A accidents B incidents C events D disasters（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)That low moaning sound in the background just might be the Founding Father

11、s protesting from beyond the grave. They have been doing it when George Bush, at a breakfast of religious leaders, scorched the Democrats for failing to mention God in their platform and declaimed that a President needs to believe in the Almighty. What about the constitutional ban on “religious test

12、(s)“ for public office? the Founding Fathers would want to know. What about Tom Jeffersons conviction that it is possible for a nonbeliever to be a moral person, “find (ing) incitements to virtue in the comfort and pleasantness you feel in its exercise“? Even George Washington must shudder in his sl

13、eep to hear the constant emphasis on “Judeo- Christian values.“ It was he who wrote, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in this Land . every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.“George Bush should know better than to encourage the theocratic ambitions of the

14、Christian right. The “wall of separation“ the Founding Fathers built between church and state is one of the best defenses freedom has ever had. Or have we already forgotten why the Founding Fathers put it up? They had seen enough religious intolerance in the colonies: Quaker women were burned at the

15、 stake in Puritan Massachusetts; Virginians could be jailed for denying the Bibles authority. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloody religion that ever existed,“ and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keep the hand that holds the musket separa

16、te from the one that carries the cross.There was another reason for the separation of church and state, which no amount of pious ranting can expunge: not all the Founding Fathers believed in the same God, or in any God at all. Jefferson was a renowned doubter, urging his nephew to “question with bol

17、dness even the existence of a God.“ John Adams was at least a skeptic, as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allen. Naturally, they designed a republic in which they themselves would have a place.Yet another reason argues for the separation of church and state. If the Fo

18、unding Fathers had one overarching aim, it was to limit the power not of the churches but of the state. They were deeply concerned, as Adams wrote, that “government shall be considered as having in it nothing more mysterious or divine than other arts or sciences. Surely the Republicans, committed as

19、 they are to “limited government,“ ought to honor the secular spirit that has limited our government from the moment of its birth.（分数：10.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence?A The president confused religion with state unwisely.B The presidents reference to God annoyed the dead.C The preside

20、nt criticized his opponents for ignorance.D The presidents standpoint was boldly questioned.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The separation of religion and state was designed mainly toA highlight the role of the government.B pay tribute to religious leaders.C limit the command of the government.D encourage the

21、believers ambitions.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).When mentioning “Quaker women“ (Para. 2), the author is talking aboutA religious values.B colonial rebels.C church reforms.D wall of separation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The authors attitude toward the Founding Fathers ideas is one ofA utter indifference.B tactic

22、consent.C slight contempt.D strong denial.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is true according to the author?A The government should bear in mind the intentions of the Founding Fathers,B Anyone without a religious belief will naturally viewed as an immoral person.C The government is entitle

23、d to more privileges than other social institutions.D Any political leader must get completely free from religious doctrines.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“My own feelings went from disbelief to excitement to downright fear,“ says Carl Hergenrother, 23, an Arizona undergraduate who verifi

24、ed a large asteroid barreling toward Earth with a 230em telescope atop nearby Kitt Peak. “It was scary, because there was the possibility that we were confirming the demise of some city somewhere, or some state or small country.“Well, not quite. Early last week, his celestial interloper whizzed by E

25、arth, missing the planet by 450620 km-a hairbreadth in astronomical terms. Perhaps half a kilometer across, it was the largest object ever observed to pass that close to Earth.Duncan Steel, an Australian astronomer, has calculated that if the asteroid had struck Earth, it would have hit at some 9345

26、0 km/h. The resulting explosion, scientists estimate, would have been in the 3000-to-12000-megaton range. That, says astronomer Eugene Shoemaker, a pioneer asteroid and comet hunter, “is like taking all of the U.S. and Soviet nuclear weapons, putting them in one pile and blowing them all up.“And wha

27、t if one them is found to be on a collision course with Earth? Scientists at the national laboratories at Livermore, California, and Los Alamos, New Mexico, have devised a number of ingenious plans that, given enough warning time, could protect Earth from a threatening NEO. Their defensive weapons o

28、f choice include long-distance missiles with conventional or, more likely, nuclear warheads that could be used either to nudge an asteroid into a safe orbit or blast it to smithereens.Many people-including some astronomers-are understandably nervous about putting a standby squadron of nuclear tipped

29、 missiles in place. Hence the latest strategy, which in some cases would obviate the need for a nuclear defense: propelling a fusillade of cannonball-size steel spheres at an approaching asteroid. In a high-velocity encounter with a speeding NEO, explains Gregory Canavan, a senior scientist at Los A

30、lamos, “the kinetic energy of the balls would change into heat energy and blow the thing apart.“Some astronomers oppose any immediate defensive preparations, citing the high costs and low odds of a large objects striking Earth in the coming decades. But at the very least, Shoemaker contends, NEO det

31、ection should be accelerated. “Theres this thing cal4ed the giggle factor in Congress,“ he says, “people in Congress and also at the top level in NASA still dont take it seriously. But we should move ahead. Its a matter of prudence.“The world, however, still seems largely unconcerned with the danger

32、 posed by large bodies hurtling in from space, despite the spectacle two years ago of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 riddling the planet Jupiter with mammoth explosions. It remains to be seen whether last weeks record near-miss has changed any minds.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn th

33、atA the earth narrowly escaped a catastrophe.B one asteroid almost destroyed an entire city.C asteroids are comparable to nuclear weapons.D the planet earth is vulnerable to dangers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).When mentioning the “the 3000-to-12000-megaton range“ (Para. 3), the writer is talking aboutA str

34、iking spectacles.B conventional weapons.C explosive impact.D defensive strategies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The description of Congresss “giggle factor“ (Para. 6) shows the writersA appreciation.B disbelief.C excitement.D ridicule.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the text, “nuclear tipped missiles“ and

35、“cannonball-size steel spheres“ (Para. 5)A are different in nature.B serve similar functions.C are identical to each other.D pose real challenges.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It seems that the writer isA active to fend off invading asteroids.B largely unconcerned with the danger.C interested in military ini

36、tiatives.D enthusiastic about spotting asteroids.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Historically, the European Union has not bothered with funding much basic scientific research. Such activities have mainly remained the preserve of national governments, not least because giving scientists free

37、 rein can lead to discoveries that not only make money but ultimately enhance military might.That attitude is now changing. The European Commission proposes to establish a European Research Council (ERC) that would spend a maximum of 12 billion ( $14 billion) over seven years on“ blue skies“ researc

38、h. While the plans are being generally welcomed by Europes member states, their details are problematic. The proposed ERC is intended to make Europe more competitive. Europe has some first-class universities, scientific institutions and research organisations. But, the ERCs proponents argue, their a

39、ctivities are fragmented, so they are not reaching their full potential.In America, teams from across the country compete with each other for grants from the National Science Foundation. The proposed ERC is modelled on this scheme. It would award grants to individual research teams for a specific pr

40、oject, solely on the basis of scientific merit judged by peer review. If the ERC were created, scientists from across Europe would compete with each other for funds, rather than merely competing with their fellow countrymen, as happens at present.This compares with the limited funding for basic rese

41、arch that currently exists in the EU, which places its emphasis on collaboration between researchers. It is open only to researchers in a narrow range of disciplines chosen by the European Parliament and the commission. The ERC would be quite different, placing its emphasis on competition between re

42、searchers and leaving scientists themselves to decide which areas of science to pursue. Helga Nowotny, who chairs the European Research Advisory Board-an advisory body to the commission-says that winning a grant from the ERC could come to be seen as unmistakable recognition of research excellence.Th

43、e quality of European research needs to be stepped up a notch. Between 1980 and 2003, Europe had 68 Nobel laureates in medicine, physics and chemistry compared with 154 in America. With competition from China and India, Europes share could fall further.One of the reasons for Europes relatively weak

44、performance is thought to be a lack of genuine competition between Europes researchers. Another is its poor ability to attract young people into a research career. Recent estimates suggest that Europe needs an extra 700,000 researchers if it is to meet its overall target of raising spending (private

45、, national and EU) on research and development to 3% of GDP by 2010. Many young scientists leave Europe for America once they have finished their training. Dr Nowotny says the ERC could help here too. It could establish a scheme to give young researchers the opportunity to follow their own ideas and

46、 become independent at an earlier stage in their careers, encouraging talent to stay in Europe.The crucial issue now is whether the ERC will be able to set its own research agenda, free from the interference and bureaucracy of the commission and influence of member states. Last month,22 leading Euro

47、pean scientists charged with shaping the ERCs scientific strategy met for the first time to start hammering out a charter and constitution. Serious concerns remain over the legal structure of the body.The final decision on the ERCs legal form, on a date yet unspecified, rests with the European Parli

48、ament and member states in the European Council. If both are genuine in their support for the ERC and Europes aim of becoming more competitive, then they must find a way of keeping the ERC free from political interference. Europe would benefit from a competition for its best researchers which reward

49、s scientific excellence. A quasi-competition that recognizes how many votes each member state is allotted would be pointless.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did the EU seldom finance basic scientific research in the past?A Because they dont want to be bothered with those basic researches.B Because national governments take them as the