【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-8及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-8 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)There (1) not one type of reading but several according to your reasons for reading. To read carefully, you have to (2) your reading speed and technique (3) your aim (4) reading. Skimming is a technique necessary for quick and

2、 efficient reading.When skimming, you (5) the reading (6) quickly in order to get the (7) of it, to know how it is organized, (8) an idea of the tone or the intention of the writer. Skimming is (9) an activity which (10) an overall view of the text and (11) a definite reading competence.Skimming doe

3、snt need reading all the material, but it doesnt mean that it is an (12) skill for the lazy, because it need a high degree of alertness and concentration.When you read, you usually start with (13) understanding and move towards detailed understanding rather than working the other way round. But (14)

4、 is also used after you have already carefully studied and you need to (15) the major ideas and concepts.In order to be able to skim quickly and (16) through a text, you should know where to look for what you want. In preview skimming you read the introductory information, the headings and subheadin

5、gs, and the summary, if one is provided. (17) this skimming, decide whether to read the material more thoroughly, and select the appropriate speed (18) you read.The same procedure (19) for preview skimming could also be used to get an overview. Another method would be to read only key words. This is

6、 done by omitting the unnecessary words, phrases, and sentences.In order to skim efficiently and fulfill your purpose, (20) practice is necessary.（分数：10.00）(1).A is B are C was D were（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A adapt B adopt C change D adept（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A on B about C for D to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4)

7、.A on B while C as D at（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A run through B run over C go on D go through（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A substance B resource C source D material（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A fist B hist C gist D list（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A getting B to get C got D have got（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A however B nevertheles

8、s C therefore D thus（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A requires B requests C requites D requisite（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A implies B applies C hints D points（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A awful B unsuitable C ideal D wrong（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A global B universal C unilateral D partial（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A reading B

9、 understanding C working D skimming（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A reverse B review C revise D revert（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A efficiently B effectively C affectively D effectually（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A When B As C After D Before（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A which B that C at which D at that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A

10、 using B used C use D be used（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A a number of B an amount of C many D a few（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Jet lag is back on the agenda for business travelers, especially as long-haul international traffic picks u

11、p again.There is endless advice online about jet lag. Drugs are frequently mentioned, and a recent favorite is Nuvigil, used to treat excessive sleepiness. Nuvigils manufacturer, Cephablon, has so far not succeeded in obtaining government approval for its plan to market the drug as a remedy forjet l

12、ag.But the approach I hear most often from long-haul travelers involves diet and preparation. “ Why would you take a pill that your body then has to shake off? “ said Lynne Waller Scanlon, the author, with Charles F. Ehret, of Overcoming Jet Lag, which was a best seller in the mid-1980s but went out

13、 of print until she revised and republished it last year under a snappier title, The Cure for Jet Lag.The book lays out a treatment system for jet lag based on pre-trip diet and conditioning to reset the bodys internal clock. The book suggests resetting the body clock so that it will be in sync with

14、 the time at the destination. One to three days before a trip, the authors suggest low-calorie meals. In flight, avoid or strictly limit alcohol, and use coffee or tea to persuade the body clock that its daytime. If its morning after flying all night, resist sleep and “ flood your eyes with daylight

15、 “ , they suggest.While all long-haul travel can cause normal fatigue, travel across time zones causes the body to react with the most pronounced effects of jet lag, including disorientation and a general sense of discomfort.In the last few years, the global airlines have put more emphasis on accomm

16、odating the need for in-flight sleepat least in the business and firstclass cabins, where international airlines earn most of their revenue. But at the same time, international airlines also promote extensive in-flight entertainment selections, as well as high-end menus, including quality wine lists

17、, in premium classes. Indulging in these would seem to work against dietary treatment to combat jet lag. But Ms. Scanlon says recovery is nevertheless attainable.“ What do you do if you cant implement this program ahead of the trip, or if youve blown it and had a complete debauch on the plane? “ she

18、 said, “ Well, when you get off that plane, you get on the program right away. It may not be perfect, but you will feel much, much better. /（分数：10.00）(1).The word “ snappier “ (Para.3)most probably means_.A longer B more elegant C smarter D prettier（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is indicated in Paragraph 2

19、 that_.A we cannot find enough advice about jet lagB people often talk about drugs for jet lagC Nuvigil is the best drug for jet lagD if you sleep too much after a long flight, you can take Nuvigil as a treatment（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, the most popular way for treatingjet lag

20、is probably_.A taking drugsB adjusting diet and preparing before handC consulting a doctorD drinking coffee orteainflight（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Paragraph 5 and 6, which of the following statements is TRUE?A Effects of jet lag after travels across time zones are most serious and obvious.B

21、Effects of jet lag are a sense of discomfort and the loss oforientation.C Things have improved in recent years because the global airlines have emphasized on meeting the need for in-flight sleep.D Enjoying the in-flight entertainment and high-quality food will make it impossible to recover from jet

22、lag.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What would be the best title for the text?A Drugs for Jet LagB The Best-selling book on Jet LagC Treatment for Jet LagD Enjoy Your Flight（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably vigorous and steady fashion. T

23、he revival in consumer confidence was reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and the marked increase in consumer willingness to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up rate of plant and equipment spe

24、nding and a gradual pickup in expenses for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength of the stock market and in the stability of the bond market. For the year as a whole, consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West tensions.The bases of the busi

25、ness expansion were to be found mainly in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies that had been pursued. Moreover, the restoration of sounder liquidity positions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a strong expansion. In addition, the e

26、conomic policy moves made by the President had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes that inflation would be brought under more effective control. Finally, of course, the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficient leeway existed in terms of id

27、le men and machines.The United States balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless, by any other test, the deficit remained very large, and there was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit, almost two-thirds of which was with Japan. While the ove

28、rall trade performance proved disappointing, there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devaluation to produce in time a significant strengthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit, however, the outcome will depend importantly o

29、n the extent of the corrective measures undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United States to fashion internal policies consistent with an improvement in our external balance.The underlying task of public policy for the year ahead-and indeed for the longer run-remained

30、a familiar one: to strike the right balance between encouraging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pressures. With the economy showing sustained and vigorous growth, and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our Competitive posture internationally, the emphasis see

31、med to be shifting to the problem of inflation. The Phase Three program of wage and price restraint can contribute to reducing inflation. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economys larger run growth poten

32、tial if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided. (449 words)Notes: inventory n.存货。East-West tensions 东西方紧张局势。fiscal (与国库的钱有关的)财务的(常指税收)。liquidity 周转率，清偿力。leeway n.回旋，余地。given 鉴于，由于。the Phase Three program 第三个阶段计划。（分数：10.00）(1).The author mentions increased installment debt in the fi

33、rst paragraph in order to showA the continuing expansion of the economy.B the growth of consumer purchasing power.C the consumers confidence in the economy.D the soaring consumer incomes for spending.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Paragraph 2 mainly deals withA the revival of stronger liquidity positions.B th

34、e stimulative monetary and fiscal policies.C the causes of business development for the period.D economic policy measures suggested by the President.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the authors attitude towards the reduction of the international payments deficit

35、seemsA bitter-sweet.B optimistic.C sympatheticD depressing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Part of the public policy task, as outlined in the text, is toA prevent payments deficit.B avoid inflationary pressures.C devalue the dollar.D increase the balance of trade.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be learned from the

36、 last paragraph that the Phase Three program containedA reduced government spending.B devaluation of the dollar.C productivity measures.D wage and price controls.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of itconvic

37、ting the guilty and acquitting the innocent? It is often said that the British trail system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrosses in playing hard to win, challenging each other and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding

38、 out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics like to compare our “adversarial“ system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental “inquisitorial“ syst

39、em, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role.In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by “ordeal“especially a religious event-was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way eventually abandoned the two s

40、ystems parted company. On the continent church-trained legal officials took over the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of the Peace and the jurymen who were illiterate and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to th

41、em orally. This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of mouth on the crucial day.On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trial under supervision by an investigating judge. This exhaustive pre

42、trial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public checking of the written records already gathered.The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their constitution. But, while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differe

43、nces in the way serious cases are handled. First, because the U. S. A. has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in the newspaper and on television, Americans lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs.In Britain this is virtually never allowed, an

44、d a random selection of jurors who are presumed not to be prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United States, and both prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the scene, track down

45、 and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain it is the solicitor who prepares the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed to meet witness beforehand, British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work.

46、 Being kept distant from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming too personally involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases better.Reformers rightly want to learn from other countries m

47、istakes and successes. But what is clear is that justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt piecemeal.（分数：10.00）(1).“British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice.“ It implies that_.A the British l

48、egal system can do the basic job well-convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocentB the British legal system is worse than the continental legal systemC the British legal system is often considered to be not very fairD the British legal system is very efficient（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following sentences is NOT true?A Oral evidence was unnecessary in France because the judges and prosecutors could read.B When trial by ordeal was finally abandoned throughout Europe, trial by jury was introduced in Britain.C In the adversarial system, it is the lawyers who play the leading roles.D