【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-6及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-6 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not d

2、epressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment. (6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk gr

3、oup had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning. The high-risk girls did have g

4、reater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure. “Considered together with reduced activa

5、tion in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) ,“ wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues

6、. “ (17) , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression,“ they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.（分数：10.0

7、0）(1).A embodied B included C concluded D consisted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A experienced B undertook C subjected D experimented（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).a personal B unique C private D single（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A explorations B examinations C detections D scans（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A result from B suppose t

8、o C result in D lead in（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A Made B Regarded C Insisted D Compared（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A stronger B weaker C lower D higher（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A Directly B Hardly C Specifically D Initially（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A movement B sign C symbol D activation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A reinforci

9、ng B improving C weakening D slacking（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A why B when C wherever D whereas（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A processing B counting C employing D implying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A after B among C with D during（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A repaired B impaired C healed D damaged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A b

10、ecause B and C hence D although（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A anecdote B time C episode D process（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A Clearly B Skeptically C Nonetheless D However（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A carried B observed C effected D suffered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A criticisms B punishments C rewards D allowances（分数：0.

11、50）A.B.C.D.(20).A subsequent B inadequate C sequential D frequent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Internet advertising is booming. The industry has gone from $ 9.6 billion in revenue in 2001 to $ 27 billion this year, according to Pip

12、er Jaffray, an investment bank. And it is still early days. The internet accounts for only 5% of total spending on advertising, but that figure is expected to reach at least 20% in the next few years. The single largest category within this flourishing industry, accounting for nearly half of all spe

13、nding, is “pay-per-click“ advertising, which is used by firms both large and small to promote their wares.The benefits of the pay-per-click approach over traditional advertising (television, radio, print and billboards are obvious. Since advertisers pay only to reach the small subset who actually re

14、spond to an advertisement, the quality of the leads generated is very high, and advertisers are prepared to pay accordingly. The price: per click varies from $ 0.10 to as much as $ 30, depending on the keyword, though the average is around $ 0.50. Google made most of its $ 6.1 billion in revenue las

15、t year from pay-per-click advertising.But as pay-per-click advertising has grown into a huge industry, concern has mounted over so-called “click fraud“-bogus clicks that do not come from genuinely interested customers. It takes two main forms. If you click repeatedly on the advertisements on your ow

16、n website, or get other people or machines to do so on your behalf, you can generate a stream of bogus commissions. Click fraud can also be used by one company against another: clicking on a rival firms advertisements can saddle it with a huge bill. Bogus clicks are thought to account for around 10%

17、 of all click traffic, though nobody knows for sure.A few months ago Mr. Gross pioneered an alternative to the pay-per-click model. In February, Snap, a search engine backed by Mr. Gross, launched “pay-per-action“ (PPA), a new model in which advertisers pay only if a click on an ad is followed by an

18、 action such as a purchase or a download.Might this put an end to click fraud? Dont bet on it, says Mike Zeman at Starcom, an advertising agency. Payper-action will be a niche, he predicts, since converting a click into an action depends on a variety of factors such as the ease of use of the adverti

19、sers website. Google and its peers will be reluctant to be so dependent on factors outside their control. But Mr. Tobaccowala thinks pay-per-action could become a real alternative to pay-per-click. As bigger companies spend more on internet advertising; they will demand more accountability and a wid

20、er range of options, he says. At the very least, that means clamping down on click fraud; but it also presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to invent new models that are less vulnerable to abuse.（分数：10.00）(1).The situation of “pay-per-click“ advertising can be described as _.A a fresh industry.

21、B an efficient tool to attract the consumers.C the trend of internet advertising. D the good choice for both large and small companies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The price per click depends on the keyword, because _.A the keyword will attract consumers to visit the advertisers website.B the keyword relate

22、s to the commission.C the keyword will reflect the consumers hobbies.D the keyword is the main part of the product.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The advertisers and the website operators have the conflict caused by _.A the fraud click.B the ignoring of fraud-detection from website operators.C losing money in

23、 “pay-per-click“ advertising.D whether the PPA model should be used.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The PPA will become more popular due to _.A the shortcoming of pay-per-click. B the fraud click.C the punishment for click fraud. D the adoption of leading operators.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following i

24、s true of the text?A Although the risk exists, the internet advertising still can earn a lot of profit,B The PPA will substitute the original click advertising model.C All operators start to satisfy the advertisers by using PPA.D The entrepreneurs are pleasantly surprised by the temporary solution.（

25、分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Effective communication is essential for all organisations. It links the activities of the various parts of the organisation and ensures that everyone is working towards a Common goal. It is also extremely important for motivating employees. Staff need to know

26、 how they are getting on, what they are doing right and in which areas they could improve. Working alone can be extremely difficult and it is much easier if someone takes an interest and provides support. Employees need to understand why their job is important and how it contributes to the overall s

27、uccess of the firm. Personal communication should also include target setting. People usually respond well to goals, provided these are agreed between the manager and subordinate and not imposed.However, firms often have communications problems that can undermine their performance. In many cases, th

28、ese problems occur because messages are passed on in an inappropriate way. There are of course, several ways of conveying information to others in the organisation. These include speaking to them directly, e-mailing, telephoning or sending a memo. The most appropriate method depends on what exactly

29、it is you are communicating. For example, anything that is particularly sensitive or confidential, such as an employees appraisal, should be done face-to-face.One of the main problems for senior executives is that they do not have the time or resources needed to communicate effectively. In large com

30、panies, for example, it is impossible for senior managers to meet and discuss progress with each employee individually. Obviously this task can be delegated but at the cost of creating a gap between senior management and staff. As a result, managers are often forced to use other methods of communica

31、tion. Like memos or notes, even if they know these are not necessarily the most suitable means of passing on messages.The use of technology, such as e-mail, mobile phones and network system, is speeding up communication immensely. However, this does not mean that more investment in technology automa

32、tically proves beneficial, systems can become outdated or employees may lack appropriate training. There are many communications tools now available but a firm cannot afford all of them. Even if it could, it does not actually need them all. The potential gains must be weighed up against the costs, a

33、nd firms should realise that more communication does not necessarily mean better communication.As the number of people involved in an organisation increase, the use of written communication rises even faster. Instead of a quick conversation to sort something out numerous messages can be passed backw

34、ards and forwards. This can lead to a tremendous amount of paperwork and is often less effective than face to face communication. When you are actually talking to someone you can discuss things until you are happy they have understood and feedback is immediate. With written messages, however, you ar

35、e never quite sure how it will be received. What you think you have said and what the other person thinks you have said can be very different.The amount of written information generated in large organisations today can lead to communication overload. So much information is gathered that it gets in t

36、he-way of making decisions. Take a look at the average managers desk and you will see the problemit is often covered in letters, reports and memos. This overload can lead to inefficiencies. For example, managers may not be able to find the information they want when they need it. Communication is al

37、so becoming more difficult with the changes occurring in employment patterns. With more people working part-time and working from home, managing communication is becoming increasingly complex.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, the best way of achieving effective communication is to_.A adapt the

38、message to suit a particular audienceB make the content of message brief and directC select the most suitable means of conveying a particular messageD ensure that information is targeted at the appropriate group of people（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does the writer say about the communication options a

39、vailable to senior managers?A Sending memos to staff is one of the most efficient methods.B It is important to find the time to discuss certain matters with staff.C They should increase the range of options that they use.D Getting junior managers to talk to staff can create different problems.（分数：2.

40、00）A.B.C.D.(3).What advice is given about the communication tools made available by technology?A Aim to limit staff use of certain communication tools.B Evaluate them in terms of the expenditure involved.C Select them on the basis of the facilities they offer.D Encourage more staff to attend trainin

41、g courses in their use.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the writer, a problem with written communication is that_.A the message can be interpreted differently to what was intendedB it can be easy for people to ignore the contents of a written messageC most people are more comfortable with face-to-f

42、ace communicationD it is possible for correspondence to get lost within a large organisation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the article, what is the effect of receiving large amounts of written information?A It is counter-productive.B It causes conflict in a company.C It leads to changes in work p

43、atterns.D It makes the main points more difficult to identify.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the majority of the Black population had been located, and migrated to

44、northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that most of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of cotto

45、n industry following boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants subsequent lack of economi

46、c mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigations document a flight from rural southern

47、 areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits“, the feder

48、al census category roughly including the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions the

49、n prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, carpenters-which had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanizatio