【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-3及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)To produce the upheaval (激变) in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860s to the mid-1880s, three primary causes interacted. The (1) of a half-dozen leaders in education pr

2、ovided the personal force that was needed. (2) , an outcry (呐喊) for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction (3) among the alumni (校友) and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode (压倒) all (4) opposition. The aggressive “Young Yale“ mov

3、ement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more (5) spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously (6) to relieve the colleges poverty and demand new (7) . Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by (8) off church leadership everywhe

4、re, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new (9) of public duty.The old-style classical education received its most crushing (10) in the citadel (城堡) of Harvard College, (11) Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the (12) fo

5、rces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliots (13) They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the (14) and the development of the (15) system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professi

6、onal training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering (培养) of greater (16) in student life. Standard of admission were sharply advanced in 18721877. (17) the appointment of a clean (院长) to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of (18) , the undergra

7、duates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and (19) as young animals. One new course of study after another was (20) science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics and international law.（分数：10.00）(1).A uproar B threshold C emergency D eme

8、rgence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A However B Moreover C Thereafter D Indeed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A aroused B arose C roused D incurred（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A conservative B conventional C radical D profound（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A flexible B liberal C literate D literary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A rallied B assemb

9、led C gathered D summoned（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A resource B orientation C reserve D enterprise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A putting B taking C growing D letting（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A point B meaning C commitment D sense（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A blow B crack C strike D stroke（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A when B wher

10、e C which D that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A drastic B massive C extreme D progressive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A administration B manipulation C regulation D institution（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A subject B course C curriculum D syllabus（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A elective B selective C subjective D objective（分数：0.

11、50）A.B.C.D.(16).A diversity B maturity C seniority D versatility（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A By B With C Upon D At（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A penalty B code C virtue D discipline（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A little B less C much D even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A opened up B set down C brought up D laid down（分数：0.50）A.

12、B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In most parts of the world, climate change is a worrying subject. Not so in California. At a recent gathering of green luminariesin a film stars house, naturally, for that is how seriousness is often established

13、in Los Angelesthe dominant note was self-satisfaction at what the state has already achieved. And perhaps nobody is more complacent than Arnold Schwarzenegger. Unlike A1 Gore, a presidential candidate turned prophet of environmental doom, Californias governor sounds cheerful when talking about clima

14、te change. As well he might: it has made his political career.Although California has long been an environmentally-conscious state, until recently greens were concerned above all with smog and redwood trees. “Coast of Dreams“, Kevin Stags authoritative history of contemporary California, published i

15、n 2004, does not mention climate change. In that year, though, the newly-elected Mr. Schwarzenegger made his first tentative call for western states to seek alternatives to fossil fuels. Gradually he noticed that his efforts to tackle climate change met with less resistance, and more acclaim, than j

16、ust about all his other policies. These days it can seem as though he works on nothing else.Mr. Schwarzeneggers transformation from screen warrior to eco-warrior was completed last year when he signed a bill imposing legally-enforceable limits on greenhousegas emissionsa first for America. Thanks mo

17、stly to its lack of coal and heavy industry, California is a relatively clean state. If it were a country it would be the worlds eighth-biggest economy, but only its 16th-biggest polluter. Its big problem is transportmeaning, mostly, cars and trucks, which account for more than 40% of its greenhouse

18、-gas emissions compared with 32% in America as a whole. The state wants to ratchet down emissions limits on new vehicles, beginning in 2009. Mr. Schwarzenegger has also ordered that, by 2020, vehicle fuel must produce 10% less carbon: in the production as well as the burning, so a simple switch to c

19、orn-based ethanol is probably out.Thanks in part to California s example, most of the western states have adopted climate action plans. When it comes to setting emission targets, the scene can resemble a posedown at a Mr. Olympia contest. Arizonas climate-change scholars decided to set a target of c

20、utting the states emissions to 2000 levels by 2020. But Janet Napolitano, the governor, was determined not to be out-muscled by California. She has declared that Arizona will try to return to 2000 emission levels by 2012.California has not just inspired other states; it has created a vanguard that o

21、ught to be able to prod the federal government into stronger national standards than it would otherwise consider. But California is finding it easier to export its policies than to put them into practice at home. In one way, California s self-confidence is fully justified. It has done more than any

22、other statelet alone the federal governmentto fix Americas attention on climate change. It has also made it seem as though the problem can be solved. Which is why failure would be such bad news. At the moment California is a beacon to other states. If it fails, it will become an excuse for inaction.

23、（分数：10.00）(1).According to the author, Mr. Arnold Schwarzenegger is cheerful chiefly becauseA climate change is not worrying California anymore.B even film stars become serious about environmental protection.C he has benefited personally from Californias achievements.D his style of administration is

24、 always dominated by self-satisfaction.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why did Mr. Schwarzenegger seem to be working on nothing else?A Because California has always been environmentally-conscious.B Because Kevin Starr failed to talk about climate change in his book.C Because his call for alternative fuels has

25、been most strongly echoed.D Because all his other policies met with more acclaim than resistance.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Corn-based ethanol might not be chosen as an alternative becauseA carbon reduction in both fuel production and burning might be hard.B California also intends to cut down emissions f

26、rom new vehicles.C it is almost impossible for vehicle fuel to produce 10% less carbon.D Californias corns are chiefly transported by cars and trucks.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Janet Napolitano is mentioned in the passage to show thatA Arizona is determined to out-muscle California.B female governors ofte

27、n set unrealistic goals.C Arizona will start a Mr. Olympia contest with California.D Californias actions have produced some positive effects.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the text thatA California needs further actions to inspire other states.B California has set a perfect model for o

28、ther states to follow.C California will become an excuse for inaction for other states.D California might find it difficult to execute its own policies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far gr

29、eater extent than most Americans realize, the economys vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half

30、 of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists

31、 will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselve

32、s, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data,24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more

33、 will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 perc

34、ent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical

35、. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firms health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully

36、pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the serio

37、usness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.Frequent checks of your firm s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your

38、hot idea.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the main difference between a multinational corporation and a small business lies inA the proportion of work force.B the frequency appeared on the headlines.C the number of the workers.D the way of opening a business.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We may conclude

39、from the text thatA the future of the small businesses is promising and undoubtedly encouraging.B all those who leave their jobs will be a boss of a small business.C everyone should look before they leap when they decide managing small business.D the success of small business solely depends on the b

40、osses who perform their last jobs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).When opening small businesses, the most important thing for small-business owners to do isA to make a thorough analysis on the market.B to invest much more money in small business.C to cut down the workers wages.D to think carefully about the in

41、ternal specific conditions in the small enterprises.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In a recent research, after three years, _small enterprises will be alive among 3,000 small businesses.A more than 60 B more than 51 C more than 2,310 D more than 2,400（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The author s attitude towards the deve

42、lopment of small businesses isA worried. B unconcerned. C optimistic. D cautious.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Some oil companies plan to get rid of some of the pollution they produce by pumping it into rocks deep inside the Earth, where they say it will stay for thousands of years. Other

43、 people, though, arent so sure this is advisable; environmental groups say that putting this pollution back into the Earth is a bad idea.When oil burns, it doesnt just produce heat: it also produces carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a natural part of the air, but because people burn so much oil, the

44、res too much carbon dioxide in the air. This extra carbon dioxide is pollution; some scientific studies show that carbon dioxide is one of the “greenhouse gases that is causing the Earths temperature to rise.Environmentalists say that the oil companies plans may not work. The oil companies say they

45、are making sure that the gas will never escape, but environmentalists wonder how the oil companies can be so sure that the gas won t seep into the air. They also point out that theres no way to check to make sure the gas isnt leaking. In addition, the environmentalists point out that the pumping cos

46、ts moneyfor research and for equipmentthat the oil companies should be spending on preventing pollution, rather than on just moving it someplace else.Another problem, say some people who are concerned about the Earth, is that if the oil companies find a cheap way to get rid of their pollution, they

47、won t look for new kinds of energy. These environmentalists say that energy companies should be researching ways to use hydrogen, wind power, and solar power instead of finding better ways to use oil. They argue that continuing to use oil means that we will still need to buy oil from other countries

48、 instead of producing our own cheap, clean energy.Environmentalists also say that burying pollution just pushes the problem into the future, rather than really solving it. They say that if the oil companies pump carbon dioxide into the rocks inside the Earth, it will be there for thousands of years,

49、 and that no one knows if this planeven if it worksmight turn into a pollution problem for all of us in the future.The oil companies insist that their plan is safe, and that putting the gas inside the Earth is a reasonable way to deal with it. They point out that there is a lot of room in the Earth for this