【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-19及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-19 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Whats your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom (1) events much earlier than the year or so before entering sch

2、ool, (2) children younger than three or four (3) retain any specific, personal experiences.A variety of explanations have been (4) by psychologists for this “childhood amnesia“. One argues that the hippo-campus; the region of the brain which is (5) for forming memories, does not mature until about t

3、he age of two. But the most popular theory (6) that, since adults dont think like children, they cannot (7) childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or (8) one event follows (9) as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental (10) for early

4、 childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they dont find any that fit the (11) . Its like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new (12) for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply arent any

5、 early childhood memories to (13) . According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone elses spoken description of their personal (14) in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten (15) of them into long-term memories. In other (16) , children have to talk about their experienc

6、es and hear others talk about (17) -Mother talking about the afternoon (18) looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this (19) reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form (20) memories of their personal experiences.Notes: childhood amnesia

7、儿童失忆症。（分数：10.00）(1).A figure B interpret C recall D affirm（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A now that B even if C as though D just as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A largely B rarely C merely D really（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A refuted B defied C proposed D witnessed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A responsible B suitable C favorable D

8、available（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A declines B assesses C estimates D maintains（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A reflect B attain C access D acquire（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A narratives B forecasts C communications D descriptions（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A the rest B another C the other D others（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A depo

9、sits B dreams C flashes D files（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A model B pattern C frame D formula（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A emphasis B assertion C explanation D assumption（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A recall B remember C reflect D respond（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A instincts B feelings C sensations D experiences（分数：0.50）

10、A.B.C.D.(15).A impressions B beliefs C minds D insights（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A senses B cases C words D aspects（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A him B their C it D them（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A taken B utilized C applied D spent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A habitual B verbal C unique D particular（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20)

11、.A permanent B mental C spiritual D conscious（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)King Richard III was a monster. He poisoned his wife, stole the throne from his two young nephews and ordered them to be smothered in the Tower of London. R

12、ichard was a sort of Antichrist the King -“that bottled spider, that poisonous bunchbacked toad. “Anyway, that was Shakespeares version. Shakespeare did what the playwright does: he turned history into a vivid, articulate, organized dream-repeatable nightly. He put the crouch back onstage, and sold

13、tickets.And who Would say that the real Richard known to family and friends was not identical to Shakespeares memorably loathsome creation? The actual Richard went dimming into the past and vanished. When all the eye-witnesses are gone, the artists imagination begins to twist.Variations on the King

14、Richard Effect are at work in Oliver Stones JFK. Richard III was art, but it was propaganda too. Shakespeare took the details of his plot from Tudor historians who wanted to blacken Richards name. Several centuries passed before other historians began to write about Richards virtues and suggest that

15、 he may have been a victim of Tudor malice and what is the cleverest conspiracy of all: art.JFK is a long and powerful harangue about the death of the man-Stone keeps calling “the slain young king. What are the rules of Stones game? Is Stone functioning as commercial entertainer? Propagandist? Docum

16、entary filmmaker? Historian? Journalist? Fantasist? Sensationalist? Crazy conspiracy-monger? Lone hero crusading for the truth against a corrupt Establishment? Answer: some of the above.The first superficial effect of JFK is to raise angry little scruples like welts in the conscience. Wouldnt it be

17、absurd if a generation of younger Americans, with no memory of 1963, were to form their ideas about John Kennedys assassination from Oliver Stones report of it? But worse things have happened-including, perhaps, the Warren Commission report?Stone uses a suspect, mixed art form, and JFK raises the fa

18、miliar ethical and historical problems of docudrama. But so what? Artists have always used public events as raw material, have taken history into their imaginations and transformed it. The fall of Troy vanished into the Iliad. The Battle of Borodino found its most memorable permanence in Tolstoys im

19、agining of it in War and Peace.Especially in a world of insatiable electronic storytelling, real history procreates, endlessly conjuring new versions of itself. Public life has become a metaphysical breeder of fictions. Watergate became an almost continuous television miniseries-although it is inter

20、esting that the movie of Woodward and Bernsteins All The Presidents Men stayed close to the known facts and, unlike JFK, did not validate dark conjecture.（分数：10.00）(1).Shakespeares creation is used in the text to introduceA his powerful imaginations.B artists distortion of history.C his well-establi

21、shed fame.D historians interest in art.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following can best describe the authors comments on Stones organization of plots?A Bewildering.B Superficial.C Contradictory.D Intricate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “harangue“ (Para. 5) connotesA corruption.B invention.C conf

22、usion.D diffusion.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It is implied that Warren Commission reportA is nothing more than illusions.B lives up to historians expectations.C is not based on valid facts.D falls victim to harsh criticisms.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the text that public lifeA is often t

23、he stuff for artists fictions.B lies outside the field of history.C is the focus of public attention.D remains memorable at all times.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Good looks ,the video-games industry is discovering ,will get you only so far. The graphics on a modern game may far outstrip

24、 the pixellated blobs of the 1980s, but there is more to a good game than eye candy. Photo-realistic graphics make the lack of authenticity of other aspects of gameplay more apparent. It is not enough for game characters to look bettertheir behaviour must also be more sophisticated, say researchers

25、working at the interface between gaming and artificial intelligence(AI).Today s games may look better, but the gameplay is “ basically the same“ as it was a few years ago, says Michael Mateas, the founder of the Experimental Game Lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology. AI, he suggests, offers an

26、“ untapped frontier“ of new possibilities. “We are topping out on the graphics, so whats going to be the next thing that improves game-play?“ asks John Laird, director of the AI lab at the University of Michigan. Improved AI is a big part of the answer, he says. Those in the industry agree. The high

27、-definition graphics possible on next-generation games consoles, such as Microsoft s Xbox 360, are raising expectations across the board, says Neil Young of Electronic Arts, the world s biggest games publisher. “You have to have high-resolution models, which requires high-resolution animation,“ he s

28、ays,“ so now I expect high-resolution behaviour.“Representatives from industry and academia will converge in Marina del Rey, California, later this month for the second annual Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment(AIIDE) conference. The aim, says Dr Laird, who will chair the

29、event, is to increase the traffic of people and ideas between the two spheres. “Games have been very important to AI through the years,“ he notes. Alan Turing, one of the pioneers of computing in the 1940s, wrote a simple chess-playing program before there were any computers to run it on; he also pr

30、oposed the Turing test, a question-and-answer game that is a yardstick for machine intelligence. Even so, AI research and video games existed in separate worlds until recently. The AI techniques used in games were very simplistic from an academic perspective, says Dr. Mateas, while AI researchers we

31、re, in turn, clueless about modern games. But, he says, “ both sides are learning, and are now much closer.“Consider, for example, the software that controls an enemy in a first-person shooter (FPS)a game in which the player views the world along the barrel of a gun. The behaviour of enemies used to

32、 be pre-scripted: wait until the player is nearby, pop up from behind a box, fire weapon, and then roll and hide behind another box, for example. But some games now use far more advanced“ planning systems“ imported from academia. “Instead of scripts and hand-coded behaviour, the AI monsters in an FP

33、S can reason from first principles, “says Dr. Mateas. They can, for example, work out whether the player can see them or not, seek out cover when injured, and so on. “Rather than just moving between predefined spots, the characters in a war game can dynamically shift, depending on what s happening,“

34、 says Fiona Sperry of Electronic Arts.If the industry is borrowing ideas from academia, the opposite is also true. Commercial games such as“ Unreal Tournament“, which can be easily modified or scripted, are being adopted as research tools in universities, says Dr. Laird. Such tools provide flexible

35、environments for experiments, and also mean that students end up with transferable skills.But the greatest potential lies in combining research with game development, argues Dr. Mateas. “Only by wrestling with real content are the technical problems revealed, and only by wrestling with technology do

36、es it give you insight into what new kinds of content are possible, “he says.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, good video-games used to be judged in terms ofA how sophisticated the behaviors of the characters are.B how good-looking the characters seem to be.C how sophisticated the artificial i

37、ntelligence is.D how much authenticity is displayed in the characters.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The last sentence“ so now I expect high-resolution behavior“ in the second paragraph most probably meansA the gameplay should be improved in the future.B the behavior of game-designers should be refined.C the

38、definition of characters in games should be more accurate.D the expectations of gameplayers will be raised across the board.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The main purpose of the AIIDE conference is toA increase communication between the eastern and western spheres.B garantee the traffic of the gameplayers an

39、d the innovation of ideas.C cooperate to make more money from the computer game industry.D tap the commercial and academic use of AI through further communication.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The example of FPS is used in the passage toA show how software controls an enemy behavior in a shooter game.B show

40、how advanced technology can help improve the quality of games.C stress the importance of first principles in designing excellent games.D point out that the characters in a war game should shift dynamically.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can be inferred from the passage?A Commercial games can be easily ad

41、opted as research tools in colleges.B College students can also benefit by playing high-resolution games.C Further communication between the two circles may result in mutual benefit.D Wresting with real content and technology will provide more solutions.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The r

42、oad to controlling population growth in the 20th century was paved with good intentions and unpleasant policies that did not work, a new book argues an historian who grew up as the youngest of eight children might well be expected to approach the question of whether the world is overpopulated from a

43、n unusual angle. Matthew Connelly, a professor at Columbia University, dedicates his study of those who thought the planet had too many people and tried to do something about it to his parents, “for having so many children“.Yet, he assures the reader, it Was not his personal experience of large fami

44、lies that drew him to the subject. Mr. Connellys mentor, Paul Kennedy of Yale University, believed it was necessary to look beyond great-power rivalries to understand the post-cold-war era. In 1994 the pair wrote an article for Atlantic Mouthly arguing that population growth in poor countries, incre

45、asing awareness of global economic inequality and the prospect of mass migration could lead to clashes between the West and “the rest“.When, years later, Mr. Connelly began his own book on population growth, he still thought of the topic as a way to offer a broader understanding of world security. H

46、e ended up writing a very different-and angry-book, one about people who looked at the human race reproducing itself and saw what a gardener sees when looking at a prize plant: something to be encouraged to bloom in some places and pruned in others.As the world population soared, the population cont

47、rollers came to believe they were fighting a war, and there would be collateral damage. Millions of devices were exported to poor countries although they were known to cause infections and sterility. “Perhaps the individual patient is expendable in the general scheme of things,“ said a participant a

48、t a conference on the devices organized in 1962 by the Population Council, a research institute founded by John D Rockefeller, “particularly if the infection she acquires is sterilizing but not lethal. “Furthermore, statistical estimates suggest that as much as 90% of the reason that women have fami

49、lies of a particular size is simply because that is the number of children they want. Where women gained education and rights, birth rates fell. As with reproduction itself, for people to become less fruitful, desire must precede performance.（分数：10.00）(1).Which one of the following is NOT true about Matthew Conne