【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-18及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-18 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily prescribed by the investigator (1) a subject participating in an (2) on thinking (or by the programmer for a computer). (3

2、) , prevailing techniques of (4) in the psychology of thinking have invited (5) of the motivational aspects of thinking. The conditions that determine when the person will begin to think in (6) to some other activity, what he will think about, what direction his thinking will take, and when he will

3、regard his search for a solution as successfully terminated (or abandon it as not worth pursuing further) (7) are beginning to attract investigation. (8) much thinking is aimed at (9) ends, special motivational problems are raised by “disinterested“ thinking, in which the (10) of an answer to a ques

4、tion is a source of satisfaction in itself.For computer specialists, the detection of a mismatch between the formula that the program so far has (11) and some formula or set of requirements that (12) a solution is what impels continuation of the search and determines the direction it will (13) .Neo-

5、behaviorists (like psychoanalysts) have made much of secondary (14) value and stimulus generalization; i. e., the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has (15) accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explana

6、tion becomes apparent, (16) , when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity, and (17) is considered. Inconsistency between beliefs, between items of incoming sensory information, or between ones belief and an item of sensory information (18) can be a source of discomfo

7、rt impelling a (19) for resolution through reorganization of belief (20) or through selective acquisition of new information.（分数：10.00）(1).A for B into C with D by（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A procedure B experiment C program D adventure（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A However B Consequently C Thus D Simultaneously（

8、分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A encounter B obligation C insight D inquiry（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A consideration B discovery C question D neglect（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A respect B preference C response D return（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A rarely B particularly C barely D definitely（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A Although B Sinc

9、e C Unless D Provided（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A normal B practical C plausible D terminal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A process B recognition C prediction D discovery（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A created B contributed C donated D produced（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A demand B define C defend D detect（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).

10、A follow B bring C stimulate D characterize（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A pressure B emphasis C reward D profit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A obviously B subsequently C frequently D commonly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A though B however C moreover D therefore（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A popularity B publicity C difficulty D

11、 uncertainty（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A broadly B evidently C distinctly D confusedly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A search B wish C plea D talent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A devices B structures C systems D concepts（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Ma

12、ny video games feature an invincibility power-up that makes the players impervious to damage, at least for a while. As the economic crisis hit in late 2008, some said the same about the industry itself. The theory went that sales of video games, which had been strong in 2008, would also be strong in

13、 2009, because games are a relatively cheap form of entertainment that let people escape from gloomy economic reality.At first glance the sales figures seem to debunk the idea that video games are recession-proof. In June 2009, for example, sales of games in America were 31% lower than in June 2008,

14、 according to NPD, a market-research firm. In July sales were down 26% , the fifth successive monthly decline. But the year ended with a record-breaking December, as people bought consoles and games for Christmas. Globally, says Piers Harding-Rolls of Screen Digest, a consuhancy, sales of games were

15、 down by 6.3% in 2009. The number of Nintendo Win and Microsoft Xbox 360 consoles sold was flat in 2009 ; sales of Sows PlayStation 3 were up by 22% after a price cut.In some respects, this stumble reflects gamings new popularity. When it was less of a mainstream activity it was not so connected to

16、the wider economic cycle. The success of the family-friendly Wii has broadened gamings appeal, but the new players it has attracted are less fanatical garners who are more likely to cut back in hard times. During 2009 more people turned to mobile, web-based or second-hand games, says Mr Harding-Rofl

17、s.Another way of looking at things, however, is to say that spending on gaming is driven by big hits, and that the slight decline in 2009 reflects creative rather than economic weakness. Entertainment industries always have their ups and downs, says Shigeru Miyamoto, the creative force behind many o

18、f Nintendos biggest games. There was an unusually large number of hits in 2008, which boosted sales, and fewer big releases in 2009 until late in the year, which may explain the weak mid-year sales. The biggest hit was “Modern Warfare 2“, released in November, which became the fastest-selling game i

19、n history, selling 7 million copies worldwide on its first day. The top 20 games took a larger share of sales in 2009 than in 2008, which shows that the games industry is becoming increasingly polarised between hits and misses. Hence the hit-and-miss results of the big publishers of video games.Over

20、all, says Mr Miyamoto, 2009s crop of games may just have been less compelling. “We were not able to produce fun-enough products,“ he says. That highlights the importance of continued innovation, he saysbut it leaves unanswered the question of whether gaming is indeed recession-proof.（分数：10.00）(1).In

21、 America, which month is the most highest sales of video games?A June in 2008.B March In 2009C November in 2009D December in 2009（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does the third paragraph that gives the examples of Wii infer?A Wider economic cycle has been a little related to video games industry.B Nintendo

22、 made the video games more attractive.C Wii lost attractions to fanatical gamers.D Recession had no influence in investing the video games.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).From the fourth paragraph, we can know that_.A entertainment have been in the slight decline recentlyB creative games will bring good salesC

23、 sale increasing by the end of 2009 is due to big hits of gamesD “Modern Warfare 2“ benefits from the Shigeru Miyamotos innovations（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the opinion that the sales figures of the video game industry reduced in 2009 not because of economy crisis is not supportive?A Other games

24、 are distributed.B The video game is on the decline.C The video game doesnt have enough creation.D Fanatical garners dont reduce expense.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In the light of what Shigeru Miyamoto said, we can infer_.A games innovations may lead to the sale decline of 2009B he has no idea about wheth

25、er it is influenced by the economic crisisC the gap of hits and misses in games industries is innovativeD games industries will soon recover from the level of 2008（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the early days of the internet, the idea that it represented an entirely new and separate rea

26、lm, distinct from the real world, was seized upon by both advocates and critics of the new technology. Advocates liked the idea that the virtual world was a placeless datasphere, liberated from constraints and restrictions of the real world, and an opportunity for a fresh start. For instance, John P

27、erry Barlow, an internet activist, issued the “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace“ in February 1996. He thundered, “Governments of the industrial world, I come from cyberspace, the new home of mind. Cyberspace does not lie within your borders. We are creating a world that all may enter wi

28、thout privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic power, military force, or station of birth.“Where Mr. Barlow and other cyber-Utopians found the separation between the real and virtual worlds exciting, however, critics regarded it as a cause for concern. They worried that people were spending

29、 too much time online, communicating with people they had never even met in person in chat rooms, virtual game worlds and, more recently, on social-networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook. A study carried out by the Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society in 2000, for example,

30、 found that heavy internet users spent less time talking to friends and family, and warned that the internet could be “the ultimate isolating technology“.Both groups were wrong, of course. The internet has not turned out to be a thing apart. Unpleasant aspects of the real world, such as taxes, censo

31、rship, crime and fraud are now features of the virtual world, too. Garners who make real money selling swords, gold and other items in virtual game worlds may now find that the tax man wants to know about it. Designers of virtual objects in Second Life, an online virtual world, are resorting to real

32、-world lawsuits in order to protect their intellectual property.At the same time, however, some of the most exciting uses of the internet rely on coupling it with the real world. Social networking allows people to stay in touch with their friends online, and plan social activities in the real world.

33、 The distinction between online and offline chatter ceases to matter. Or consider Google Earth, which puts satellite images of the whole world on your desktop and allows users to link online data with specific physical locations.All these approaches treat the internet as an extension or an attachmen

34、t to the physical world, not a separate space. Rather than seeing the real and virtual realms as distinct and conflicting, in short, it makes sense to see them as complementary and connected. The resulting fusion is not what the Utopians or the critics foresaw, but it suits the rest of us just fine.

35、（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, internet advocates believed that_.A the internet stood for progress of the technologyB virtual realm was a world without boundariesC cyberspace liberated the real worldD cyberspace could be entered by anyone for free（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Why is John Per

36、ry Barlow mentioned in Paragraph 1?A To criticize governments of industrial countries.B To show the influence of the internet.C To advocate the equality for all.D To illustrate the advocates favor to cyberspace.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The passage suggests that critics of the new technology_.A were conc

37、erned about the separation of people from the real worldB worried that friends would never meet in personC were concerned that people were too engaged in social networksD would believe the internet could isolate people online（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that_.A virtual wo

38、rld is free from the dark sides of the real worldB there is no difference between chatting online and offline nowC peoples activities online can also affect their real world activitiesD people who make real money in virtual games have to pay taxes（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).From the passage we can find tha

39、t the author_.A supports both advocates and critics of the internetB believes that the real and virtual worlds are interdependentC is opposed to the fusion of the internet with the physical worldD argues that real and virtual worlds are distinct and conflicting（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.0

40、0)A very important world problem, if not the most serious of all the great world problems which affect us at the moment, is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continu

41、es to grow at its present rate.In an early survey conducted in 1888, a billion and a half people inhabited the earth. Now, the population exceeds five billion and is growing fast-by the staggering figure of 90 million in 1988 alone. This means that the world must accommodate a new population roughly

42、 equal to that of the United States and Canada every three years! Even though the rate of growth has begun to slow down, most experts believe the population size will still pass eight billion during the next 50 years.So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the sp

43、read of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control“. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control“-“ Death Control“ is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died

44、of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and sanitation, as well as the control of these deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die-creating a population explosion. We used to think that reac

45、hing seventy years old was a remarkable achievement, but now eighty or even ninety is becoming recognized as the normal life-span for humans. In a sense, this represents a tremendous achievement for our species. Biologically this is the very definition of success and we have undoubtedly become the d

46、ominant animal on the planet. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.Man is constantly destroying the very resources which keep him alive. He is destroying the balance of nature which regulates climate and the atmosphere, produces and maintains healthy soils, provi

47、des food from the seas, etc. In short, by only considering our needs of today, we are ensuring there will be no tomorrow.An understanding of mans effect on the balance of nature is crucial to be able to find the appropriate remedial action. It is a very common belief that the problems of the populat

48、ion explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction. This is not true. The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature. Developing countries do have an effect on their environment, but

49、 it is the populations of richer countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole.The birth of a baby in, for example, Japan, imposes more than a hundred times the amount of stress on the worlds resources as a baby in India. Most people in India do not grow up to own cars or air-conditioners-