【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-16及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-16 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It has been justly said that while“ we speak with our vocal organs we (1) with our whole bodies.“ All of us communicate with one another (2) , as well as with words. Sometimes we know what were doing, as with the use of gestu

2、res such as the thumbs-up sign to indicate that, we (3) . But most of the time were not aware that were doing it. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone elses eyes and (4) . These actions we (5) are random and incidental. But researchers (6) that there is a system of them almost as consist

3、ent and comprehensible as language, and they conclude that there is a whole (7) of body language, (8) the way we move, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we (9) , the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand (10) each other.The body language serves a variet

4、y of purposes. Firstly it can replace verbal communication, (11) with the use of gesture. Secondly it can modify verbal communication, loudness and (12) of voice is an example here. Thirdly it regulates social interaction: turn taking is largely governed by non-verbal (13) . Finally it conveys our e

5、motions and attitudes. This is (14) important for successful cross-culture communication.Every culture has its own“ body language“, and children absorb its nuances (15) with spoken language. The way an Englishmen crosses his legs is (16) like the way a mate American does it. When we communicate with

6、 people from other, cultures, the body language sometimes help make the communication easy and (17) , such as shaking hand is such a (18) gesture that people all over the world know that it is a signal for greeting. But sometimes-the body language can cause certain misunderstanding (19) people of di

7、fferent cultures often have different forms behavior for sending the same message or have different (20) towards the same body signals.（分数：10.00）(1).A address B reverse C converse D confer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A verbally B nonverbally C vocally D univocally（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A refuse B approve C su

8、spect D alert（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A look up B look down C look away D look back（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A resume B assume C presume D consume（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A have discovered B have invented C pointed out D have revealed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A level B extent C group D range（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A inc

9、luded B including C include D inclusive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A wear B put on C bring D hold（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A to B between C within D from（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A as if B as C when D like（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A pitch B tone C frequency D volume（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A signs B gestures C movements

10、D signals（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A specifically B specially C particularly D equally（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A also B along C besides D alone（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A nothing B something C anything D none（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A efficient B affective C effective D effectual（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A unusual B

11、unique C ordinary D universal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A hence B since C thus D and（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A interpretations B implicative C understanding D implications（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The unknown pervades the universe. Tha

12、t which people can see, with the aid of various sorts of telescope, accounts for just 4% of the total mass. The rest, however, must exist. Without it, galaxies would not survive and the universe would not be gently expanding, as witnessed by astronomers. What exactly constitutes this dark matter and

13、 dark energy remains mysterious, but physicists have recently uncovered some more clues, about the former, at least.One possible explanation for dark matter is a group of subatomic particles called neutrinos. Neutrinos are thought to be the most abundant particles in the universe. According to the S

14、tandard Model, the most successful description of particle physics to date, neutrinos come in three varieties, called “flavors“. Again, according to the Standard Model, they are point-like, electrically neutral and massless. But in recent years, this view has been challenged, as physicists realized

15、that neutrinos might have mass.The first strong evidence came in 1998, when researchers at an experiment, based in Japan, showed that muon neutrinos produced by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere had gone missing by the time they should have reached an underground detector. Its operators suspe

16、ct that the missing muon neutrinos had changed flavor, becoming electron neutrinos or-more likely-tau neutrinos. Theo- ry suggests that this process, called oscillation, can happen only if neutrinos have mass.Over the coming months and years, researchers hope to produce the most accurate measurement

17、s yet. The researchers created a beam of muon neutrinos first. On the other side of the target sat a particle detector that monitored the number of muon neutrinos leaving. The neutrinos then travelled 750km (450 miles) through the Earth to a detector in a former iron mine in Soudan, Minnesota. Resea

18、rchers then were able to confirm that a significant number of muon neutrinos had disappeared-that is, they had changed flavor. While their mass is so small that neutrinos cannot be the sole constituent of dark matter, they have an advantage in that they are at least known to exist.The same cannot be

19、 said for sure of another possible form of dark matter being studied by a group of physicists in Italy. If the result continues to withstand scrutiny, it would appear to be evidence for an exotic new sort of fundamental particle, known as an axion, which could also be a type of dark matter.（分数：10.00

20、）(1).What does the word “pervades“(Line 1, Para. 1) mean?A Be of higher rank or authority.B To spread through the whole extent of.C To gain the victory or superiority.D To make something come true.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What aspect about neutrinos has been questioned in recent years?A Neutrinos are in

21、 the shape of points.B There are altogether three different varieties of Neutrinos.C Neutrinos do not have any mass.D Neutrinos are the most abundant particles in the universe.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How should we understand the process of oscillation?A Cosmic rays are used to produce muon neutrinos.B

22、Muon neutrinos went missing during experiments.C Cosmic rays hit the upper atmosphere.D One flavor of neutrinos is changed into another one.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which one of the following is NOT true about the experiment mentioned in Paragraph 4 ?A It can be used to confirm previous suspects about n

23、eutrinos.B The number of muon neutrinos changed in the process of the experiment.C A more accurate number can be put on the mass of neutrinos based on this experiment.D The result of the experiment contradicts that in 1998.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which one of the following statements is true about axio

24、n?A It is known for sure to exist although not enough evidence is available.B It is another possible constituent of dark matter.C The search for hypothetical particle has failed so far.D If successful, experiment will prove it to be the sole form of dark matter.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.

25、00)She knew how to make an entrance. Her dark hair cut in a severe pageboy, Ayn Rand would sweep into a room with a long black cape, a dollar-sign pin on her lapel and an ever present cigarette in an ivory holder. Melodramatic, yes, but Rand didnt have time to be subtle. She had millions of people t

26、o convert to objectivism, her philosophy of radical individualism, limited government and avoidance of altruism and religion. Her adoring followers-some called them a cult-revered her as the high priestess of laissez-faire capitalism until her death in 1982 at age 77. The bad economy has been good n

27、ews for Rands legacy. Her fierce denunciations of government regulation have sent sales of her two best-known novels, The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, soaring. Yet her me-first brand of capitalism has been exccoriated (严厉批评) for fomenting (引发) the recent financial crisis. And her most famous for

28、mer acolyte-onetime Fed chairman Alan Greenspan-has been blamed for inflating the housing bubble by refusing to intervene in the market. In the midst of the newly rekindled debate, two excellent biographies have just been published: Ayn Rand and the World She Made, by Anne C. Heller (Doubleday; 592

29、pages), is a comprehensive study, in novelistic detail, of Rands personal life, and Goddess of the Market : Ayn Rand and the American Right, by Jenniter Burns (Oxford; 369 pages), leans more heavily on Rands theories and politics. From her earliest years, Rand was a woman on a mission. Born in 1905

30、to a bourgeois Jewish family in St. Petersburg, Rand was 12 when the Bolshevik Revolution took place. Her family, suddenly poor, was forced to flee, and Rands hatred of communism and any sort of collectivism would guide her life. Arriving in the US in 1926 with a new name, Ayn (rhymes with fine) mad

31、e her way to Hollywood, where she had modest success as a screenwriter and married an aspiring actor, Frank OConnor. Her politicization came when she and her husband worked on Republican Wendell Willkies losing presidential campaign in 1940. According to Burns, “Before Willkie she had been pro-capit

32、alist yet pessimistic, writing The capitalist world is low, unprincipled, and corrupt. Now she celebrated capitalism as the noblest, cleanest and most idealistic system of all. “ The Fountainhead, an epic novel chronicling the struggles of an architect named Howard Roark against conventional values,

33、 was her breakout work. In her race to get the sprawling 700-page book to press, she began taking the amphetamine Benzedrine (一种兴奋剂的名称) to fuel her efforts. “Rand used it to power her last months of work on the novel, including several 24-hour sessions correcting page proofs,“ writes Burns. The book

34、 brought Rand financial security and fame.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “Melodramatic“ (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means “_“. A Exaggerated B Melodic C Decent D Dramatical（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Ayn Rands standpoint does NOT include _. A radical individualism B laissez-faire capitalism C racial discri

35、mination D avoidance of altruism and religion（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Why is the bad economy good news for Rands legacy? A Because it made her books sell well. B Because there was excoriation towards her books. C Because she was a modest successful writer. D Because her viewpoint triggered the recent fi

36、nancial crisis.（分数：2.00）_(4).What do we learn about Ayn Rand? A She was born in a proletarian Jewish family. B She liked communism and any sort of colleetivism. C She and her husband had never worked for Republican. D Her original name wasnt Ayn.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title for the text is _.

37、 A Ayn Rands Story B Ayn Rands Books C Ayn Rand: Extremist or Visionary D Adoration of Ayn Rand（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The human Y chromosome-the DNA chunk that makes a man a man-has lost so many genes over evolutionary time that some scientists have suspected it might disappear in

38、10 million years. But a new study says itll stick around.Researchers found no sign of gene loss over the past 6 million years, suggesting the chromosome is “doing a pretty good job of maintaining itself,“ said researcher David Page of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Mas

39、s.That agrees with prior mathematical calculations that suggested the rate of gene loss would slow as the chromosome evolved, Page and study co-authors note in Thursdays issue of the journal Nature. And, they say, it clashes with what Page called the “imminent demise“ idea that says the Y chromosome

40、 is doomed to extinction.The Y appeared 300 million years ago and has since eroded into a dinky chromosome, because it lacks the mechanism other chromosomes have to get rid of damaged DNA. So mutations have disabled hundreds of its original genes, causing them to be shed as useless. The Y now contai

41、ns only 27 genes or families of virtually identical genes.In 2003, Page reported that the modern-day Y has an unusual mechanism to fix about half of its genes and protect them from disappearing. But he said some scientists disagreed with his conclusion. The new paper focuses on a region of the Y chr

42、omosome where genes cant be fixed that way.Researchers compared the human and chimpanzee versions of this region. Humans and chimps have been evolving separately for about 6 million years, so scientists reasoned that the comparisons would reveal genes that have become disabled in one species or the

43、other during that time.They found five such genes on the chimp chromosome, but none on the human chromosome, an imbalance Page called surprising. “It looks like there has been little if any gene loss in our own species lineage in the last 6 million years,“ Page said. That contradicts the idea that t

44、he human Y chromosome has continued to lose genes so fast itll disappear in 10 million years, he said. “I think we can with confidence dismiss . the imminent demise theory,“ Page said.Jennifer A. Marshall Graves of the Australian National University in Canberra, a gene researcher who argues for even

45、tual extinction of the Y chromosome, called Pages work “beautiful“ but said it didnt shake her conviction that the Y is doomed.The only real question is when, not if, the Y chromosome disappears, she said. “It could be a lot shorter than 10 million years, but it could be a lot longer,“ she said.The

46、Y chromosome has already disappeared in some other animals, and “theres no reason to expect it cant happen to humans,“ she said. If it happened in people, some other chromosome would probably take over the sex-determining role of the Y, she said.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first 3 para

47、graphs thatA the human Y chromosome has stopped evolution.B a man will no longer be a man in 10 million years.C scientists are divided on the latest issue of Y chromosome.D mathematical calculations are important in genetic studies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Page seems to believe thatA the gene loss of Y

48、chromosome is sure and fast.B the gene loss of chromosome is quite slow.C the Y chromosome is facing “imminent demise“.D the Y chromosome will be replaced by a new one.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “dinky“ ( paragraph 4) most probably meansA dirty. B tricky. C mal-functional. D defective.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Jennifer seems to believe thatA the extinction of Y chromosome is inevitable.B Pages research is more beautiful than hers.C the “imminent demise“ theory is nonsense.D whe