【考研类试卷】西医综合-内科学-13及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-内科学-13 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is (1) to say it anyway. He is that (2) bird, a scientist who works independ

2、ently (3) any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not (4) thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.(5) he, however, might tremble at the (6) of what he is about to do. Together with another two sc

3、ientists, he is publishing a paper which not only (7) that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in (8) are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally d

4、o well in IQ test, (9) 12-15 points above the (10) value of 100, and have contributed (11) to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the (12) of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, (13) . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic d

5、iseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, (14) , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been (15) to social effects, such as a strong tradition of (16) education. The latter was seen as a (an) (17) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are i

6、ntimately (18) . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has (19) them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this (20) state of affairs.（分数：10.00）(1).A selected B prepared C obliged D pleased（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A unique B particular C special D rare（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D

7、.(3).A of B with C in D against（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A subsequently B presently C previously D lately（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A Only B So C Even D Hence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A thought B sight C cost D risk（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A advises B suggests C protests D objects（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A progress B fact

8、C need D question（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A attaining B scoring C reaching D calculating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A normal B common C mean D total（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A unconsciously B disproportionately C indefinitely D unaccountably（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A missions B fortunes C interests D careers（分数：0.50

9、）A.B.C.D.(13).A affirm B witness C observe D approve（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A moreover B therefore C however D meanwhile（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A given up B got over C carried on D put down（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A assessing B supervising C administering D valuing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A development B orig

10、in C consequence D instrument（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A linked B integrated C woven D combined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A limited. B subjected C converted D directed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A paradoxical B incompatible C inevitable D continuous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0

11、，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Something extraordinary is happening in London this week: in Lambeth, one of the citys poorest boroughs(区), 180 children are starting their secondary education in a brand new school. The state- funded school was set up by parents who were fed up with the quality of l

12、ocal education. In countries with more enlightened education systems, this would be unremarkable. In Britain, it is an amazing achievement by a bunch of desperate and determined people after years of struggle.Britains schools are in a mess. Average standards are not improving despite billions in ext

13、ra spending, and a stubbornly long tail of underachievers straggles(拖后腿) behind. A couple of years ago, a consensus emerged among reformers that councils had too much control and parents too little.One might have expected more from the Conservatives, who stood for election on a pledge to bring in sc

14、hool vouchers. Yet the Tory policy group charged with thinking deep thoughts about public services paid only lip service to parent power in its report. Where schools are failing, it said, parents or charities should get taxpayers money to open new ones. But only 2.9% are actually failing, on officia

15、l definitions. And another proposal, that children in failing schools get extra funding if they go elsewhere, was so lacking in detail as to be meaningless.Worry about underperforming schools is hardly confined to Britain: in America, in Italy, in Germany, even in once-proud France education is a ho

16、t-button topic. Yet a number of countries seem to have cracked it. Although specific problems differ in different societies, parental choice is at the heart of most successful solutions. What are the lessons?The first is that if a critical mass of parents wants a new school and there is a willing pr

17、ovider, local government should be required to finance it as generously as it does existing state schools. The second is that if a charity wants to open a school in the hope that children will come, then taxpayers money should follow any that do. Third, rules about what, where and how schools teach

18、should be relaxed to avoid stifling innovation and discouraging newcomers with big ideas. In any event, public-examination results would give parents the information they needed to enforce high standards.These proposals may seem radical, yet parents in the Netherlands have had the right to demand ne

19、w schools since 1917, and those in Sweden have been free since 1992 to take their government money to any school that satisfies basic government rules. In the Netherlands 70% of children are educated in private schools at the taxpayers expense; in Sweden 10% already are. In both countries state spen

20、ding on education is lower per head than in Britain, and results are better. It doesnt take a genius IQ - just a little political courage - to draw the correct conclusion.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, which of the following is true about the new school?A The new school in Lambeth is financed

21、by parents not satisfied with the local education.B Reformers recently agreed that parents had less control over British schools than the councils.C The establishment of this school is more remarkable in Britain than in some other countries.D British schools have managed to use a large sum to amelio

22、rate the level of education.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Paragraph 3, the Conservatives response to the poor British education is that _. A they have fulfilled their promises by giving money to parents when schools fail.B they have given official definitions of the failing schools on a loose ba

23、sis.C they elaborate the proposal that children in failing schools get extra funding if they transfer.D they show real concerns over public education problems during their election.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).From other countries successful experience, Britain can learn that _.A tax payers money should be

24、divided equally between parents and state schools.B there should not be a tight control over the specific ways of teaching.C the public money should go to any charity who would like to attract students.D public surveillance should inform parents in order to maintain high standards.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(

25、4).We can infer from the last paragraph that _.A the proposals mentioned in the above paragraph are really radical.B the education model the Netherlands and Sweden adopt are effective.C the solutions of education problems involve a technique innovation.D more Swedish children are educated in private

26、 schools than children in the Netherlands.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the authors attitude towards the establishment of the school in Lambeth?A Neutral.B Approval.C Disapproval.D Critical.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In 1879, Richard Henry Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian School, a rem

27、arkable 40-year chapter in this countrys failed social policy regarding Native Americans. Pratts faith could be simply described as: “Kill the Indian, Save the Man!“ to eradicate any manifestations of their native culture. When four decades of forcible education ended in 1918, it wasnt clear what Pr

28、atts experiment had killed and what it had saved. But there was one indisputably notable legacy- the Carlisle football team. In the early 20th century, the Carlisle Indians ascended to the pinnacle(顶点) of the collegiate game. In those years, it began to engage all the Ivy football powers on the grid

29、iron(运动场). And from 1911 to 1913, including the season in which the legendary Jim Thorpe returned from the Olympics to score 25 touchdowns, Carlisle had a 38-3 record, including a 27-6 rout of West Point.Washington Post sportswriter Sally Jenkins has produced a fascinating new book, “The Real All Am

30、ericans“: The Team That Changed a Game, a People, a Nation (Doubleday. $24.95), that examines the Carlisle legend in wonderful detail. At the turn of the century, football was exploding on the college scene, particularly at the Ivy elites, where the sons of the gentry could prepare for the rigors of

31、 leadership on the gridiron. They preferred their football brutal. Conversely, the Carlisle team was undermanned and seriously undersized.But Carlisle was blessed with gifted athletes and a wizard of a coach, Pop Warner. Because Carlisle couldnt match the brute force of its rivals, Warner created an

32、 entirely new brand of football, relying on speed, deception and guile. In that 1903 Harvard game, Carlisle used the hidden ball trick to score on the second-half kickoff. While the return man pretended to cradle the ball, another player had it tucked into a pocket sewn inside the back of his jersey

33、 and ran unmolested 103 yards for a touchdown.Carlisle developed new blocking techniques that compensated for its size disadvantage: the spiral throw that put the long pass, with its premium(优势) on speed, into the offense and a repertoire of fakes; reverses and misdirection that remain a central par

34、t of the game. It took brains to concoct the schemes and intelligence to execute them. These innovations did not go unrecognized. After Carlisle trounced Army in 1912, The New York Times hailed the conquerors from Carlisle for playing “the most perfect brand of football ever seen in America.“Still,

35、today this country celebrates football like no other sport. Jenkins does a marvelous job of making an intimate connection between our beloved, modern game and the unlikely team that, a century ago, helped make it what it is today.（分数：10.00）(1).By saying“ Kill the Indian, Save the Man“, Pratt probabl

36、y means _.A to kill all the Indians in America and save American whites.B to remove the Indian culture from Indians without killing them.C to eliminate American natives in order to save the rest of Americans.D to indoctrinate Indians with the western culture to protect Americans.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2)

37、.We can infer from the text that _.A the coach of Carlisle comes back from the Olympics.B carlisle has a special edge over Ivy football powers.C Americans treat football in the same way with other games.D carlisle won several champions in the late 20th century collegiate game.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Wh

38、y did Carlisle rely on speed, deception and guile?A because Carlisle had a higher intelligence than its rivals.B because Carlisle was hardly weaker in brute force than its rivals.C because its rivals were physically much stronger than Carlisle.D because only Carlisle employed a coach who knew variou

39、s tactics.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the author, the new blocking techniques developed by Carlisle _.A helped it to win the champion of 1912.B was recognized by the American people.C made up for its strong physical force.D was useless in the 1912 match against Army.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which

40、of the following is the best title for this text?A Carlisle and Football.B An Indisputable Legacy.C Hello, Pratt! Hows football?D Playing for Keeps.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report fr

41、om the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labo

42、r shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century. Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group a

43、ged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely. Retirement at age 62 is an economical

44、ly rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases af

45、ter the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits. Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have t

46、o work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers wil

47、l reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations. The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report s recommendations. Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other in

48、come; provide 80% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is_. A constructive B significant C i