【考研类试卷】英语-阅读理解(十)及答案解析.doc

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1、英语-阅读理解(十)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have

2、 to find ways of sharing the available employment widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not creat

3、e conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peo

4、ples work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as

5、its history shows has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage ind

6、ustries and removed work from peoples homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Meanwhile, emplo

7、yment put women at a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the impractical goal of creating

8、jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.（分数：20.00）(1).What idea did the author derive from the recent opinion polls?A. Available employment should be distributed to a small percentage of the population.B. New jobs must be created in order to

9、 rectify high unemployment figures.C. Jobs available must be distributed among more people.D. The present high unemployment figures are a fact of life.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The passage suggests that we should now reexamine our thinking about work and _.A. be prepared to admit that being employed is n

10、ot the only kind of workB. create more factories in order to increase our productivityC. set up smaller private enterprises so that we in turn can employ othersD. be prepared to fill in time by taking up housework（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The passage tells us that the arrival of the industrial age meant

11、that _.A. universal employment guaranteed prosperityC. patterns of work were fundamentally changedB. economic freedom came within everyones reachD. to survive, everyone had to find a job（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).As a result of the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries _.A. people were no longer legal

12、ly entitled to own landB. people were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselvesC. people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their landD. people were badly paid for the work they managed to find（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that _.A. the creat

13、ion of jobs for all is impossibleB. we must make every effort to solve the problem of unemploymentC. people should start to support themselves by learning a practical skillD. we should help people to get full-time jobs（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Rubidium, potassium and carbon are thr

14、ee common elements used to date the history of Earth. The rates of radioactive decay of these elements are absolutely regular when averaged out over a period of time; nothing is known to change them. To be useful as clocks, the elements have to be fairly common in natural minerals, unstable but deca

15、y slowly over millions of years to form recognizable “daughter“ products which are preserved minerals.For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form an atom of strontium (another element) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in

16、the process. The radiogenic daughter products of the decayin this case strontium atomsdiffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been si

17、nce the mineral cooled below that critical “blocking“ temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date wh

18、en the mineral last cooled below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic) rocks, not for sedimentsrubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were ero

19、ded to form the sediments, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves.Potassium decays to form (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary

20、rocks because potassium is common in some minerals which form in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves.Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change

21、over time. However, cosmic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres is constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form of carbon, carbon-14.（分数：20.00）(1).What is the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon?A. They can be made into clocks.B. They are rich

22、in content.C. Their decay is slow but regular.D. The products of their decay are the same.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What aspect of rubidium decay is useful for dating?A. The atom produced by the decay is above a certain point of temperature.B. The atom produced by the decay is easy to be detected at a co

23、ol temperature.C. The decay produced a neutron and an electron.D. The decay is sensitive to the changes in temperature.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is the limitation of the rubidium method?A. Rubidium is everywhere in the rock.B. Strontium atoms are hard to detect at the normal temperature.C. It cannot

24、 date sediments.D. It is time-consuming.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is the major factor that affects the accuracy of potassium dating?A. The number of the mineral pores. B. The number of missing argon atoms.C. External temperature. D. Mineral temperature.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The unde

25、rlined word “cosmic“ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _.A. radioactive B. organic C. terrestrial D. universal（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)In Platos Utopia, there are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main prob

26、lem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the purpose of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education.Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. Each has a wider meaning than at present: “music“ means everything that is in t

27、he province of the muses, and “gymnastics“ means everything concerned with physical training fitness. “Music“ is almost as wide as what is now called “culture“, and “gymnastics“ is somewhat wider than what “athletics“ mean in the modern sense.Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the

28、sense which, largely owing to Plato is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to s

29、ecure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. In Platos Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked.Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which

30、 the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear. Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. On

31、ly the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed. Permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life.As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than

32、roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to “enchantments

33、“, both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians.（分数：20.00）(1).What is the main topic of the passage?A. Three Social Classes in Utopia. B. How to Make the Soci

34、ety in Harmony.C. Platos Philosophy. D. Education Pattern in Utopia.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, which of the following is closest in meaning to the concept “music“ in Platos philosophy?A. muses B. culture C. manners D. literature（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is the major difference be

35、tween the aristocracy in the old Athens and the gentlemen in Utopia?A. The former had to fight to obtain political power.B. The former were more respected by the public.C. The latter enjoyed much more political power.D. The latter was regarded as the king of the country.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Why is f

36、ish eating forbidden in Utopia?A. To secure the balance of nature. B. To exercise peoples perseverance.C. For a strong volition. D. For excellent health condition.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can infer from the passage that the music “Lydian“ sounds _A. sad B. bold C. relaxed D. simple（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.五、

37、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊) removed by surgeons operating via computer from New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4,000 miles away from their patient.In New York,

38、Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, desi

39、gned by Computer Motion Inc, that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week.The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obsta

40、cle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeons movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problem includes video coding decoding and signa

41、l transmission time.France Telecoms engineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. “I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room,“ says Marescaux.The successful collaboration (合作) among medicine, advanced technology, and telecommunications is likely to ha

42、ve enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques t

43、o a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a “third revolution“ in surgery w

44、ithin the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部) and thorax (胸腔) do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated softw

45、are algorithms (计算法) enhance the safety of the surgeons movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distancecurrently several meters in the operating room-could potent

46、ially be up to several thousand kilometers.（分数：20.00）(1).The title that best expresses the main idea is _.A. How the Second Revolution in Surgery Comes OutB. The Telesurgery RevolutionC. A Patient Was SavedD. Dream Comes True（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The italicized Word “telesurgery“ can be best explaine

47、d as _.A. an operation done over a distanceB. an operation done on televisionC. an operation demanding special skillD. an operation demanding high technology（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation?A. 24 hours. B. 48 hours. C. about a we

48、ek. D. almost a month.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the major barrier to telesurgery?A. Distance. B. Advanced technology.C. Delay. D. Medical facilities.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The writer implies that _.A. difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world nowB. compared to the “third

49、revolution“ in surgery, the first two are less importantC. all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operationD. a new breakthrough has been made in surgery（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D.六、Passage 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The multi-billion-dollar Western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. “The most worrisome development is a culture of drug-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著),“ said the UNs 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in