【考研类试卷】考研英语阅读理解B节(新题型)分类精讲商业经济类-(二)及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语阅读理解 B 节(新题型)分类精讲商业经济类-(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)A. Most of us know what its like to stay in a job after its stopped being satisfying, or to take on a project thats too big and be reluctant to admit it. CEOs have been known to allocate manpower and money

2、to projects long after it becomes clear that they are failing. The costs to a person who does not know when to quit can be enormous. In economics its known as sunk cost fallacy. While we recognize the fallacy almost immediately in others, its harder to see in ourselves. Why?B. In one of their studie

3、s, they put participants into either a promotion or prevention focus. Next, each participant was told to imagine that he or she was CEO of an aviation company that had committed $10 million to developing a plane that cant be detected by radar. With the project near completion and $9 million already

4、spent, a rival company announces the availability of their own radar-blank plane which is both superior in performance and lower in cost. The question put to CEOs was simple: do you invest the remaining $1 million and finish your companys plane, or cut your losses and move on?C. Sunk costs are the i

5、nvestments that youve put into something that you cant get back out. They are the years you spent training for a profession you hate. They are the thousands of dollars you spent on redecorating your living room, only to find that you hate living in it. Once youve realized that you probably wont succ

6、eed, or that you are unhappy with the results, it shouldnt matter how much time and effort youve already put into something.D. Recent research by Northwestern University psychologists Daniel Molden and Chin Ming Hui demonstrates an effective way to be sure you are making the best decisions when thin

7、gs go awry: Focus on what you have to gain by moving on, rather than what you have to lose. When people think about goals in terms of potential gain, thats a “promotion focus“, which makes them more comfortable making mistakes and accepting losses. When people adopt a “prevention focus“, they think

8、about goals in terms of what they could lose if they dont succeed, so they become more sensitive to sunk costs. This is the focus people usually adopt, if unconsciously, when deciding whether or not to walk away. It usually tells us not to walk away, even when we should.E. There are several powerful

9、, largely unconscious psychological forces at work. We may throw good money after bad or waste time in a dead-end relationship because we havent come up with an alternative; or because we dont want to admit to our friends and family, or to ourselves, that we were wrong. But the most likely cause is

10、this innate, overwhelming aversion to sunk costs.F. The two researchers found that participants with a prevention focus stayed the course and invested the remaining $1 million roughly 80 percent of the time. The odds of making that mistake were significantly reduced by adopting a promotion focus: Th

11、ose people invested the remaining $1 million less than 60 percent of the time. When we see our goals in terms of what we can gain, rather than what we might lose, we are more likely to see a doomed endeavor for what it is.G. As studies by behavioral economists like Daniel Kahnemen and Dan Ariely sho

12、w, people is generally loss-averse. Putting in a lot, only to end up with nothing to show for it, is just too awful for most of us to seriously consider. The problem is one of focus. We worry far too much about what well lose if we just move on, instead of focusing on the costs of not moving on: Mor

13、e wasted time and effort, more unhappiness, and more missed opportunities.Order:（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_With its recession-friendly coffee prices, plentiful tables and available bathrooms, McDonalds restaurants all over the country, and even all over the world, have been adopted

14、 by a cost-conscious set as a coffeehouse for the people, a sort of everymans Starbucks. (1) .But patrons have also brought the mores of cafe culture, where often a single purchase is permission to camp out with a laptop. Increasingly, they seem to linger over McCafe Lattes, sometimes spending a lot

15、 of time but little money in outlets of this chain, which rose to prominence on a very different business model: food that is always fast. And so restaurant managers and franchise owners are often frustrated by these people. (2) .In the past month, those tensions came to a boil in New York City. Whe

16、n management at a McDonalds in Flushing, Queens, called the police on a group of older Koreans, prompting outrage at the companys perceived rudeness, calls for a worldwide boycott and a truce mediated by a local politician, it became a famous case of a struggle that happens daily at McDonalds outlet

17、s in the city and beyond.(3) . If Mike Blacks friends are looking for him, they know to check the McDonalds on Utica Avenue in Flatbush, Brooklyn, he said. That is where Mr. Black, who is in his 50s, spends hours opening and reading his junk mail. “Were pleased many of our customers view us as a com

18、fortable place to spend time,“ Lisa McComb, a spokeswoman for the company, said in an email, citing free Wi-Fi and areas for children to play as part of the appeal. “McDonalds offers convenience and value in a fun and familiar atmosphere.“But the leisurely cafe culture and the business plan behind f

19、ast food are in opposition.(4) .In a McDonalds near Astor Place, a sign explained that customers were entitled to just 30 minutes of sitting time. But Raymos Martinez, an artist, sat tucked into a dog-eared paperback of historical fiction, and said the anonymity of the place held some appeal. “McDon

20、alds, its more like a bus stop. Nobody notices you.“ Or maybe they do. On the other side of the restaurant, in her uniform cap with the Golden Arches, Samantha Reyes, 39, swept discarded burger wrappers offthe floor. (5) .A. Spending the day nursing a latte is part of modern cafe culture, behavior r

21、einforced by franchises like Starbucks and others that seem to actively cultivate the endless sitting, lavishing free Wi-Fi on customers who park their laptops in the morning and do not leave until after dark.B. Is the customer always right, even the ensconced penny-pincher? The answer seems to be y

22、es among those who do the endless sitting at McDonalds restaurants in Crown Heights, Brooklyn; Midtown Manhattan; Astoria, Queens; and the East Village.C. McDonalds is not alone in navigating this tricky territory. Last year, a group of deaf patrons sued Starbucks after a store on Astor Place in Low

23、er Manhattan forbade their meet-up group to convene there, complaining they did not buy enough coffee. D. Although signs hang in many McDonalds stores instructing customers to spend half an hour or less at the tables, Ms. McComb said there was no national policy about discouraging longtime sitting.E

24、. Such regulars hurt business, some say, and leave little room for other customers. Tensions can sometimes erupt.F. She refuses to kick out those who seem to find refuge in her McDonalds. “For myself, ! could be in the same situation,“ she said. “Tomorrow, it could be me.“G. Behind the Golden Arches

25、, older people seeking company and conversation, schoolchildren putting off homework time and homeless people escaping the cold have transformed the banquettes into headquarters for the kind of laid-back socializing once carried out on a park bench or brownstone stoop.（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_

26、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_A. The petitioners argue that repealing the tax will cost the Treasury billions of dollars in lost revenues and will result in either increased taxes in the long run or cuts to medicare, social security, environmental protection and other government programs. Repealing the levy “would

27、enrich the heirs of Americas millionaires and billionaires, while hurting families who struggle to make ends meet“, the petition says.B. About 120 wealthy Americans had signed or supported a petition to oppose phasing out the tax. President Bush has included the repeal of the tax in his $1.6 trillio

28、n tax-cut proposal. Normally when “dozens“ of Americans join in a political cause, it is not particularly noteworthy, but in this case the dozens include: George Soros, a billionaire financier; Warren Buffett, an investor listed as Americas fourth-richest person; the philanthropist David Rockefeller

29、 Jr.; and William Gates Sr., a Seattle lawyer and father of Americas richest man, Microsoft Corp. Chairman Bill Gates.C. Buffett and company cite these factors in their petition calling for opposition to the estate-tax-repeal. They also discuss something thats equally emotional and far more complex:

30、 the principle of meritocracy. The idea that everyone in America has an equal chance, that our fates are not determined by accidents of birth, is one of our core values. And nowhere is this principle more reverend than in the technology economy; entrepreneurship is almost by definition an expression

31、 of meritocracy.D. Buffett told the New York Times that repealing the estate tax would be a “terrible mistake“ and the equivalent of “choosing the 2020 Olympic team by picking the eldest sons of the gold medal winners in the 2000 Olympics.“E. An old brokerage commercial says: “He made his money the

32、old-fashioned way: He earned it.“ There was a perfect parody of the ad in which the line read: “He made his money the old-fashioned way. He inherited it.“ In 20 or 50 or 100 years, which of these lines will be right? Buffett and Soros and friends, to their credit, want to help make the first one rea

33、l. Lets hope this is only one step in that process.F. It was refreshing to see Buffett and George Soros and a number of other extremely wealthy luminaries stand up in opposition to President Bushs proposed repeal of the estate tax. While the policy has some emotional attractionsit would protect the

34、inheritors of some small businesses from having to sell the companies to pay taxes, and it is true that most people have been taxed on their savings once already in practice the tax repeal would mainly be a windfall for a very small number of very, very rich people.G. President Bush will make his ca

35、se for his $1.6 trillion tax-cut plan, delivering a speech at a community center in St. Louis. The proposal would slash federal tax rates across all levels of income, eliminate the so-called marriage penalty and phase out estate taxes. Democrats complain that the planwhich would cut the top rate fro

36、m 39 to 33would disproportionately benefit the wealthy and unnecessarily squander expected budget surpluses. Some of the richest Americans are urging Congress not to repeal the estate tax, the New York Times reported on Wednesday.Order:（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Today, some 30% of

37、small business owners dont have a Web presence at all; while the vast majorities who do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles followed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality.1. Build your site around your

38、 customer:Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the “door“.2. Just because you built it doesnt mean theyll come:If you arent seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site,

39、its time to up the ante.3. Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions:Containing discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with past visitors to your site.4. Justify your monthly spending through product bundling:While pay-per-click Inte

40、rnet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your per-click ad rates.5. Measure your progress:Your site may be live, but how is it performing?Armed with these

41、 simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet.A. A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ads. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy

42、 in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large-volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding its yearly sales quota.B. One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and qual

43、ity offerings. However, he wasnt able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad dollars to an online pay-per-click campaignin which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted du

44、ring the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100, 000 within only a few months.C. With todays technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales

45、 tool, you cant afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. After all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you dont have the time to spend hours digging throug

46、h reams of data.D. Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including product descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefo

47、ld. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience.E. Online success demands more than simple presence. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can

48、 help you navigate todays (and tomorrows) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business.F. One villa rental company had a Website that generated very few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a “last minute deals“ distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, reduced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_