【考研类试卷】考研英语阅读理解B节(新题型)分类精讲科学技术类-(二)及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语阅读理解 B 节(新题型)分类精讲科学技术类-(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Its long been known, but little discussed in polite high-tech circles, that information-age technology is not the clean industry it claims to be. Manufacturing a single PC can generate 139 pounds of waste a

2、nd involves a host of chemicals linked to high rates of cancer and birth defects among workers and communities.1. Disposal Crisis of E-wasteElectronic waste (e-waste)such as obsolete and discarded computers, monitors, printers, cell phones, and televisionsis one of the fastest growing waste streams

3、in the developed world, thanks to the industrys philosophy of “design for immediate obsolescence“ and a weak electronics-recycling infrastructure.2. Public Health ProblemsIf the full force of the high-tech revolution hits the landfill, its health risks will leave no community untouched.3. The Europe

4、an SolutionThe European Union is way ahead of the U.S. in recognizing the hazards and moving towards a solution.4. How Will the U.S. Proceed?Because the U.S. high-tech industry and its friends in Washington represent the biggest obstacles to the globalization of take-back laws, a broad coalition of

5、environmental, health, labor, and recycling groups and local governments has formed the Computer Take Back Campaign to support EU-style legislation in the U.S.5. Going GlobalThe European approach is more than a minor “software patch“ on a fundamentally flawed program. By establishing corporate respo

6、nsibility for products at the end of their lives, this strategy could have wide-ranging effects on the information technology industry. The EU approach spreads environmental benefits globally rather than shifting pollution to developing nations.A. If we can adopt the EUs code in the U.S., we can do

7、a bit of reverse engineering on globalization. By downloading Europes program to the U.S., we can finally begin to clean up the “clean industry“ around the globe.B. An estimated 300 to 500 million computers will descend on landfills by 2007 in the U.S. alone. Three-quarters of all computers ever sol

8、d in this country await disposal in garages and storage facilities because their owners dont know what to do with them.C. The first European Union directive on e-waste, adopted last year, requires producers to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products. By 2005, companies will e

9、ither have to take back products directly from consumers or fund independent collectors to do so. Waste that was generated prior to the enactment date will be the responsibility of all existing companies, in proportion to their market share. Future waste is to be the individual responsibility of eac

10、h company, thereby creating an incentive to redesign products for easier and safer recycling and disposal. No e-waste will be allowed in municipal waste streams.D. E-waste accounts for 5 percent of all solid waste in America but approximately 40 percent of the lead, 70 percent of the heavy metals, a

11、nd a significant portion of the organic chemical pollutants in Americas dumps. This e-waste can leach into the ground, as it did in the Silicon Valley. It was the widespread contamination of the valleys aquifers in the early 1980s that initially punctured the high-tech industrys clean image. Current

12、ly; there are more EPA superfund cleanup sites in this valley than anywhere else in the U.S. The threat to soil, drinking water and public health will grow as e-waste surges into the waste stream worldwide.E. Hundreds of organizations and local governments in the U.S. have already endorsed the campa

13、igns platform. The campaign advocates that the U.S. adopt standards for electronics manufacturers at least as stringent as those adopted by the EU: hazardous materials would be phased out, and all electronics would be designed for reuse and recycling. The campaign has sparked legislative grounds wel

14、l. In the past year alone, 20 states have introduced legislation to address e-waste.F. Local governments and taxpayers now pick up the tab for the disposal of e-waste. The state of California, for example, faces an estimated $1 billion in e-waste disposal costs over the next few years.（分数：20.00）填空项

15、1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_With the pace of technological change making heads spin, we tend to think of our age as the most innovative ever. We have smart phones and supercomputers, big data and stem-cell transplants. Governments, universities and firms together spend around $1.4 trillion a year

16、 on R and the drop-off since 2004 probably has more to do with the economic crisis than with underlying lack of invention.B. Economic growth is a modem invention: 20th-century growth rates were far higher than those in the 19th century, and pre-1750 growth rates were almost imperceptible by modem st

17、andards.C. Rather as electrification changed everything by allowing energy to be used far from where it was generated, computing and communications technologies transform lives and businesses by allowing people to make calculations and connections far beyond their unaided capacity.D. And it wasnt ju

18、st modem sanitation that sprang from late-19th and early-20th-century brains: they produced cars, planes, the telephone, radio and antibiotics.E. Many more brains are at work now than were 100 years ago: American and European inventors have been joined in the race to produce cool new stuff by those

19、from many other countries.F. If the pessimists are right, the implications are huge. Economies can generate growth by adding more stuff: more workers, investment and education. But sustained increases in output per person, which are necessary to raise incomes and welfare, entail using the stuff we a

20、lready have in better ways innovating, in other words.G. Life expectancy in America, for instance, has risen more slowly since 1980 than in the early 20th century. The speed of travel, in the rich world at least, is often slower now than it was a generation earlier, after rocketing a century or so a

21、go.（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_A. The main lines that currently serve Europe are largely a product of the 19th century. The railways have been in decline for most of the 20th century. From the 1920s onwards, motor vehicles began pilfering the short-distance traffic. In the 1960s the

22、 airplane snatched long-distance travelers and motorways squeezed the railways still further.B. The plans were unveiled last month in Brussels at a conference on high-speed trains hosted by the Union Internationale des Chemins de fer and the Community of European Railways (a grouping that includes t

23、he 12 Community railways plus Austria and Switzerland). They expand on those of December 1990, which have already received the blessing of the Communitys transport ministers.C. Japan led the way forward when it opened a new high-speed line in 1964. The “bullet“ trains between Tokyo and Osaka were th

24、e first in the world to average more than 160 kilometers per hour, Europe followed suit. The French high-speed line between Paris and Lyon, which opened in two stages in 1981 and 1983, halved journey times. A non-stop train now takes two hours and the number of passengers traveling by train between

25、the two cities has trebled. The Italian Railways opened its high-speed line, between Florence and Rome, during the 1980s.D. Progress has been slower, and more costly, in Germany where German Railways has been planning high-speed lines since 1970. Environmental opposition delayed procedures for acqui

26、ring land, which forced the authorities to put large stretches of new line into tunnels. This in turn caused another problem. Entering a tunnel at high speed creates pressure pluses that cause passengers ears to pop unpleasantly. As a result, Germanys intercity trains are sealed and pressurized like

27、 aircraft to insulate passengers from the changes in pressure outside.E. The scope of the vision is breathtaking. According to Andres Lopez, professor of engineering at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, twice as many miles of new railways are being planned as miles of motorway. The blueprint

28、envisages the network of high-speed lines growing from a few hundred kilometers to 3,000 kilometers by 1,996 and 7,400 kilometers by the end of the century. It sees the network extending eventually to 20,000 kilometers with a further 15,000 kilometers of existing lines being substantially rebuilt fo

29、r high speeds at a cost of 180 billion.F. Nevertheless, in the 1990s the pace of opening has already begun to accelerate. Last year Germany opened its first two high-speed lines and France opened its second TGV line. Last month, Spanish Railways became the fourth railways to join the 250 kilometers

30、per hour club when it opened a new line from Madrid to Seville. Over the next four years a further six stretches of high-speed line will open: three in France and one each in Austria, Belgium and Germany. Britain will finally be linked to this growing network when trains begin to run through the Cha

31、nnel Tunnel from London to Brussels and Paris, although delays in delivering the rolling stock make this unlikely until early in 1994.G. Four European railways currently have high-speed trains. Perhaps the best known is French Railways, TGV, which holds the world speed record of 515 kilometers per h

32、our. But Germany, Italy and Spain also have trains that are capable of exceeding 250 kilometers per hour (the threshold that defines high speed). Now new plans propose a network not only linking countries in the European Community but extending across Eastern Europe too.Order:（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:

33、_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Smoking means inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco. Leaves of the tobacco plant are smoked in various ways. After a drying and curing process, they may be rolled into cigars or shredded for insertion into smoking pipes. Cigarettes, the most popular method o

34、f smoking, consist of finely shredded tobacco rolled in lightweight paper. About 50 million people in the United States currently smoke an estimated total of 570 billion cigarettes each year. But, is smoking a good habit?1. Increased risk of cancerSome experts noticed that lung cancer, which was rar

35、e before the 20th century, had increased dramatically since about 1930, The American Cancer Society and other organizations initiated studies comparing deaths among smokers and nonsmokers over a period of several years.2. More deaths from other diseasesSmokers also run greater risk of dying from dis

36、eases apart from cancers.3. Cigar and pipe smoke, as dangerousCigar and pipe smoke contains the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in cigarette smoke.4. The effect of environmental tobacco smokeRecent research has focused on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), that is, the eff

37、ect of tobacco smoke on nonsmokers who must share the same environment with a smoker.5. Addiction at an early ageThe smoking habit and addiction to nicotine usually begins at an early age. This has led to particular concern over smoking in teenagers and young adults.There is no need to kill innocent

38、 human beings. Restricting tobacco use may be the only answer to a healthy world. Tobacco is harmful not only to us, but to the people in surrounding areas. Tobacco use has been passed on from generation to generation. It is now time to put a ban on smoking. With the help of thousands of people, smo

39、king can be controlled. Now it is the time to start a tobacco battle. Smoking needs to become extinct worldwide.A. A report by the National Cancer Institute concluded that the mortality rates from cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus are approximately equal in users of cigaret

40、tes, cigars, and pipes. Rates of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis are elevated for cigar and pipe smokers and are correlated to the amount of smoking and the degree of inhalation.B. In the United States, more than 70 percent of adults began smoking before the ag

41、e of 18. From the early to mid-1990s the proportion of teenage smokers in the United States rose from one-quarter to one third, despite increasing warnings about the health hazards of smoking and widespread bans on smoking in public places. In 2001 surveys of students in grades 9 through 12 found th

42、at more than 38 percent of male students and nearly 30 percent of female students smoke. Although black teenagers have the lowest smoking rates of any racial group, cigarette smoking among black teens increased 80 percent in the late 1990s.C. It is estimated that cigarettes are responsible for about

43、 431,000 deaths in the United States each year. Lung cancer accounts for about 30 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States, and smoking accounts for nearly 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. The risks of dying from lung cancer are 23 times higher for male smokers and 13 times higher for fema

44、le smokers than nonsmokers. Additionally, smokers are at increased risk for cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas.D. Research has shown that mothers who smoke give birth more frequently to premature or underweight babies, probably because of a decrease in blood

45、flow to the placenta.E. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that exposure to the environment that contains all the toxic agents exhaled by a smoker, causes 3,000 cancer deaths and an estimated 40,000 deaths from heart disease per year in nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke can

46、 aggravate asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, and impaired blood circulation.F. Smoking causes a fivefold increase in the risk of dying from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and a twofold increase in deaths from diseases of the heart and coronary arteries. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 5

47、0 percent40 percent among men and 60 percent among women.（分数：20.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Several months ago, planning to visit a friend hospitalized with AIDS, I asked a doctor whether I should take any precautions. “Youre more of a risk to him than he is to you, “said the doctor, Fred

48、Valentine, an associate professor of medicine at New York University Medical Center. “You might have a cold or some minor infection that would be very serious for him if he caught it because he has no resistance.“ The risk to me, the doctor said, was almost nonexistent.(1) . Doctors now think they understand how it infects, can test whether someone has been exposed to the virus, and know how to prevent its spread to others.(2) .AIDS is a silent epidemic. According to recent figures from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), since 197