ASTM E2114-2019 Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings.pdf

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1、Designation: E2114 17E2114 19Standard Terminology forSustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las

2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology2 consists of terms and definitions pertaining to sustainable development and, in particular, to sustain

3、abilityrelative to the performance of buildings.1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meanings and explanations of terms applicable to sustainable development.In the interest of common understanding and standardization, consistent word usage is encouraged to help eliminate the majorbarri

4、er to effective technical communication.1.3 It is recommended that terms used only within an individual standard, and having a meaning unique to that standard, bedefined or explained in the terminology section of that individual standard.1.4 Certain standard definitions herein are adopted from other

5、 sources. Each is an exact copy.The source is identified at the rightmargin following the definition and is listed in Section 2.1.5 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compound terms appear in the natural spoken order.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internatio

6、nally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1356 Termin

7、ology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental FateE1705 Terminology Relating to Biotechnology2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 14040 Life Cycle AssessmentPrin

8、ciples and Framework3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:alternative agricultural products, nbio-based industrial products (non-food, non-feed) manufactured from agriculturalmaterials and animal by-products.alternative energy, nsee renewable energy.bioaccumulation, nthe net accumulation of a substance by a

9、n organism as a result of uptake from all environmental sources.(E943)biobased products, nproducts fabricated from alternative agricultural materials and forestry materials, or both.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability and is the direct responsibility

10、of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings andConstruction.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017Jan. 1, 2019. Published March 2017January 2019. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20082017 asE2114-08.17. DOI: 10.1520/E2114-17.10.1520/E211419.2 Boldfaced terms are defined in this

11、terminology.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from American National Standards Inst

12、itute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequa

13、tely depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM In

14、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1biodegradable, adjcapable of decomposing under natural conditions into elements found in nature.biodiversity, nthe variability among living organisms from all sources including: terrestrial, marine, and

15、other aquaticecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species andof ecosystems.biological control agents, nliving organisms used to eliminate or regulate the population of other living organisms.biological diversity, nseebiodiv

16、ersity.biomagnification, nthe increase in tissue concentration of poorly depurated materials in organisms along a series ofpredator-prey associations, primarily through the mechanism of dietary accumulation. (E943)biomass, n(1) All living material in a given area. (2) Any material which is or was a

17、living organism or excreted from amicroorganism.DISCUSSIONIt often refers to vegetation.building, n(1) A shelter comprising a partially or totally enclosed space, erected by means of a planned process of forming andcombining materials. (2) The act or process of constructing. (E631)building performan

18、ce, nthe behavior in service of construction as a whole, or of the building components. (E631)building related illness, BRI, ndiagnosable illness of which cause and symptoms can be directly attributed to a specificpollutant source within a building (for example, Legionnaires disease, hypersensitivit

19、y, pneumonitis). BRI differs from sickbuilding syndrome (SBS) conditions because the symptoms of the disease persist alter leaving the building, unlike SBS wherethe occupant experiences relief shortly after leaving the building.carrying capacity, nThe theoretical maximum population of a biological o

20、rganism that an ecosystem can sustain indefinitely.DISCUSSIONWhile the existence of a carrying capacity for a given species in a given ecosystem is commonly recognized, the specific number or range establishedas the carrying capacity is often debated.cogeneration, nthe simultaneous production of ele

21、ctrical or mechanical energy (power) and useful thermal energy from a singleenergy stream, such as oil, coal, natural or liquefied gas, biomass, or post, nthe stable humus material that is produced from a composting posting, vthe controlled biological decomposition of organic material in the presenc

22、e of air to form a humus.contaminant, na physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air, water, orsoil.criterion, nan established precedent, rule, measure, norm, or code upon which a decision may be based. (E631)deconstruction, ndisassembly of b

23、uildings for the purpose of recovering materials.ecologicalimpact, nthe effect that an activity has on living organisms, their non-living (abiotic) environment, and the ecosystem.ecological indicator, na characteristic of an ecosystem that is related to, or derived from, a measure of biotic or abiot

24、ic variable,that can provide quantitative information on ecological structure and function.DISCUSSIONAn indicator can contribute to a measure of integrity and sustainability.ecosystem, na community of biological organisms and their physical environment, functioning together as an interdependentunit

25、within a defined area.DISCUSSIONFor the purposes of this definition, human, animals, plants, and microorganisms are individually all considered biological organisms.E2114 192electromagnetic spectrum, na continuum of electric and magnetic radiation, encompassing all wavelengths from electricity,radio

26、 and microwaves, at the low-frequency end to infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet light in the midrange, to X-rays andgamma rays at the high frequency end of the spectrum. (As defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.(IEEE),5 the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation

27、consists of gamma rays, wavelengths shorter than 0.0006 nm; X-rays,0.00065 nm; ultraviolet rays, 5 nm0.4 m; visible light, 040.7 m; infrared, 0.7 m0.1 mm; radio, greater than 0.1 mm.).embodied energy, nthe energy used through the life cycle of a material or product to extract, refine, process, fabri

28、cate, transport,install, commission, utilize, maintain, remove, and ultimately recycle or dispose of the substances comprising the item.DISCUSSIONThe total energy which a product may be said to “contain,” including all energy used in, inter alia, growing, extracting, transporting, andmanufacturing.

29、The embodied energy of a structure or system includes the embodied energy of its components plus the energy used in construction.endangered species, na species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its habitat range, asdetermined by the governmental entity having

30、 jurisdiction.end-of-the-pipe technologies, ntechnologies that reduce emissions of pollutants after they have formed.DISCUSSIONAn example is scrubbers on a smokestack.energy recovery, nobtaining usable energy by consuming waste through a variety of processes.environmental indicator, na measurement,

31、statistic or value that provides a proximate gage or evidence of the effects ofenvironmental management programs or of the state or condition of the environment in a given area.exotic species, nan introduced species not native or indigenous to the area where it is found.exposure, ncontact with a phy

32、sical, chemical, biological, or radiological agent.flush out, vthe process of reducing or removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other airborne contaminants from abuilding.green building, na building that provides the specified building performance requirements while minimizing disturbance t

33、o andimproving the functioning of local, regional, and global ecosystems both during and after its construction and specified servicelife.DISCUSSIONA green building optimizes efficiencies in resource management and operational performance; and, minimizes risks to human health and theenvironment.habi

34、tat, nthe place where a population of organisms lives and their surroundings, both living and non-living.habitat indicator, na physical attribute of the environment measured to characterize conditions necessary to support anorganism, population, or community.hazard, nthe adverse effect(s) that may r

35、esult from exposure(s). (E943)heat island effect, nsee urban heat island.indicator, nquantitative value or qualitative information derived from a set of parameters that provides information about thestate of a phenomenon.DISCUSSIONIt is used for reference or comparative purposes for decision-making

36、at a specified level.indigenous species, na species that is likely, due to historical presence, to occur at a specified site for some portion of its lifespan. (E943)5 Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 445 Hoes Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141, http:/www.iee

37、e.org.E2114 193DISCUSSIONAn indigenous species is one having originated in and being produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environmentas opposed to cultivated, domesticated, or exotic.indoor air pollution, nthe level of air pollution in an enclosed environment.D

38、ISCUSSIONBased on the definition of air pollution in Terminology D1356, indoor air pollution relates to the levels of unwanted material in the air.indoor air quality, IAQ, nthe composition and characteristics of the air in an enclosed space that affect the occupants of thatspace.DISCUSSIONThe indoor

39、 air quality of a space refers to the relative quality of air in a building with respect to contaminants and hazards and is determined by thelevel of indoor air pollution and other characteristics of the air, including those that impact thermal comfort such as air temperature, relative humidity,and

40、air speed.indoor environmental quality, IEQ, nthe condition or state of the indoor environment.DISCUSSIONAspects of IEQ include but are not limited to characteristics of the thermal, air, luminous and acoustic environment. Primary areas of concern inconsidering the IEQ usually relate to the health,

41、comfort and productivity of the occupants within the indoor environment, but may also relate topotential damage to property, such as sensitive equipment or artifacts.integrated pest management, IPM, n(1) The judicious use and integration of various pest control tactics of the associatedenvironment o

42、f the pest in ways that complement and facilitate the biological and other natural controls of pests to meeteconomic, public health, and environmental goals. (2) An environmentally sound system of controlling landscape pests, whichincludes understanding of the pests life cycle and well-timed non-tox

43、ic treatments.invasive species, nan exotic species that alters the native ecosystem and negatively impacts native species, resulting in habitatloss, water-table modification, or other disruptions.DISCUSSIONTypically the exotic species adapt to conducive or similar growing conditions as those found i

44、n the region from which it was exported. Because sucha species usually has no natural enemies (pests, diseases, or grazers), it flourishes so strongly that the disruption readily occurs.key species, na species of special concern for ecological reasons. (E943)life-cycle, n(1) in economic impact manag

45、ement, the length of time over which an investment is analyzed. (E833)(2) in environmental impact management, consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisitionor generation from natural resources to final disposal. (ISO 14040)DISCUSSIONRefer to the distinction bet

46、ween life-cycle assessment (LCA) and life-cycle cost (LCC) method.life-cycle assessment, LCA, na method of evaluating a product by reviewing the ecological impact over the life of the product.DISCUSSIONAt each stage, the product and its components are evaluated based upon materials and energy consum

47、ed, and the pollution and waste produced. Lifestages include extraction of raw materials, processing and fabrication, transportation, installation, use and maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal.ISO 14040 defines LCA as the compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential envir

48、onmental impacts of a product systemthroughout its life cycle.life-cycle cost (LCC) method, na technique of economic evaluation that sums over a given study period the costs of initialinvestment (less resale value), replacements, operations (including energy use), and maintenance and repair of an in

49、vestmentdecision (expressed in present or annual value terms).E2114 194DISCUSSIONLCC method is distinct from LCA in that LCA is an environmental review methodology and LCC method is an economic review methodology.microclimate, nuniform localized climate conditions within a given area.multiple chemical sensitivity, MCS, na diagnostic label for people who suffer multi-symptom illnesses as a result of contactwith, or proximity to, a variety of airborne agents and other substances.nat