BS ISO 16737-2013 Fire safety engineering Requirements governing algebraic equations Vent flows《消防安全工程 控制代数方程的要求 排气流量》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16737:2012Fire safety engineering Requirements governingalgebraic equations VentflowsBS ISO 16737:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16737:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalC

2、ommittee FSH/24, Fire safety engineering.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards In

3、stitution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 69634 3ICS 13.220.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2013.Amendments

4、issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16737:2012 ISO 2012Fire safety engineering Requirements governing algebraic equations Vent flowsIngnierie de la scurit incendie Exigences rgissant les quations algbriques coulements au travers dune ouvertureINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16737Second edition

5、2012-12-01Reference numberISO 16737:2012(E)BS ISO 16737:2012ISO 16737:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mecha

6、nical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPu

7、blished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16737:2012ISO 16737:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Requirements governing description of physical phenomena . 15 Requirements governing documentation. 26 Requir

8、ements governing limitations 27 Requirements governing input parameters 28 Requirements governing domain of applicability . 3Annex A (informative) General aspects of vent flows 4Annex B (informative) Specific formulas for vent flows meeting requirements of Annex A .10Bibliography .35BS ISO 16737:201

9、2ISO 16737:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subj

10、ect for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IE

11、C) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committee

12、s are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be hel

13、d responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 16737 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 4, Fire safety engineering.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16737:2006), which has been technically revised.iv ISO 2012 All

14、 rights reservedBS ISO 16737:2012ISO 16737:2012(E)IntroductionThis International Standard is intended to be used by fire safety practitioners who employ fire safety engineering calculation methods. Examples include fire safety engineers; authorities having jurisdiction, such as territorial authority

15、 officials; fire service personnel; code enforcers; and code developers. It is expected that users of this International Standard are appropriately qualified and competent in the field of fire safety engineering. It is particularly important that users understand the parameters within which particul

16、ar methodologies may be used.Algebraic formulas conforming to the requirements of this International Standard are used with other engineering calculation methods during fire safety design. Such design is preceded by the establishment of a context, including the fire safety goals and objectives to be

17、 met, as well as performance criteria when a tentative fire safety design is subject to specified design fire scenarios. Engineering calculation methods are used to determine if these performance criteria will be met by a particular design and if not, how the design must be modified.The subjects of

18、engineering calculations include the fire-safe design of entirely new built environments, such as buildings, ships or vehicles as well as the assessment of the fire safety of existing built environments.The algebraic formulas discussed in this International Standard are very useful for quantifying t

19、he consequences of design fire scenarios. Such formulas are particularly valuable for allowing the practitioner to determine very quickly how a tentative fire safety design should be modified to meet performance criteria, without having to spend time on detailed numerical calculations until the stag

20、e of final design documentation. Examples of areas where algebraic formulas have been applicable include determination of heat transfer, both convective and radiant, from fire plumes, prediction of ceiling jet flow properties governing detector response times, calculation of smoke transport through

21、vent openings and analysis of enclosure fire hazards such as smoke filling and flashover.The algebraic formulas discussed in this International Standard are essential for checking the results of comprehensive numerical models that calculate fire growth and its consequences. ISO 2012 All rights reser

22、ved vBS ISO 16737:2012BS ISO 16737:2012Fire safety engineering Requirements governing algebraic equations Vent flows1 Scope1.1 This International Standard specifies requirements for the application of algebraic formula set for the calculation of specific characteristics of vent flows.1.2 This Intern

23、ational Standard is an implementation of the general high-level requirements for the case of fire dynamics calculations involving sets of algebraic formulas.1.3 This International Standard is arranged in the form of a template, where specific information relevant to algebraic vent flow formulas is p

24、rovided to satisfy the following types of general requirements:a) description of physical phenomena addressed by the calculation method;b) documentation of the calculation procedure and its scientific basis;c) limitations of the calculation method;d) input parameters for the calculation method;e) do

25、main of applicability of the calculation method.NOTE Examples of sets of algebraic formulae meeting all the requirements of this International Standard will be provided in separate annexes for each different type of vent flow scenario. Currently, there are two informative annexes containing general

26、information on vent flows and specific algebraic formulas for practical engineering calculations.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest e

27、dition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 13943, Fire safety VocabularyISO 16730, Fire safety engineering Assessment, verification and validation of calculation methodsISO 5725 (all parts), Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results3 Terms and

28、 definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 apply. See each annex for the terms and definitions specific to that annex.4 Requirements governing description of physical phenomena4.1 The buoyant flow through a vent resulting from a source fire in an encl

29、osure having one or more openings is a complex thermo-physical phenomenon that can be highly transient or nearly steady-state. Vent flows may contain regions involved in flaming combustion and regions where there is no combustion INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16737:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved

30、1BS ISO 16737:2012ISO 16737:2012(E)taking place. In addition to buoyancy, vent flows can be influenced by dynamic forces due to external wind or mechanical fans.4.2 General types of flow boundary conditions and other scenario elements to which the analysis is applicable shall be described with the a

31、id of diagrams.4.3 Vent flow characteristics to be calculated and their useful ranges shall be clearly identified, including those characteristics inferred by association with calculated quantities.4.4 Scenario elements (e.g. two-layer environments, uniform mixture, etc.) to which specific formulas

32、apply shall be clearly identified.4.5 Because different formulas describe different vent flow characteristics (4.3) or apply to different scenarios (4.4), it shall be shown that if there is more than one method to calculate a given quantity, the result is independent of the method used.5 Requirement

33、s governing documentation5.1 The procedure to be followed in performing calculations shall be described through a set of algebraic formulas.5.2 Each formula shall be presented in a separate clause containing a phrase that describes the output of the formula, as well as explanatory notes and limitati

34、ons unique to the formula being presented.5.3 Each variable in the formula set shall be clearly defined, along with appropriate SI units, although formula versions with dimensionless coefficients are preferred.5.4 The scientific basis for the formula set shall be provided through reference to recogn

35、ized handbooks, the peer-reviewed scientific literature or through derivations, as appropriate.5.5 Examples shall demonstrate how the formula set is evaluated using values for all input parameters consistent with the requirements in Clause 4.6 Requirements governing limitations6.1 Quantitative limit

36、s on direct application of the algebraic formula set to calculate output parameters, consistent with the scenarios described in Clause 4, shall be provided.6.2 Cautions on the use of the algebraic formula set within a more general calculation method shall be provided, which shall include checks of c

37、onsistency with the other relations used in the calculation method and the numerical procedures employed.7 Requirements governing input parameters7.1 Input parameters for the set of algebraic formulas shall be identified clearly, such as layer temperature, pressure and geometric dimensions.7.2 Sourc

38、es of data for input parameters shall be identified or provided explicitly within the standard.7.3 The valid ranges for input parameters shall be listed as specified in ISO 16730.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 16737:2012ISO 16737:2012(E)8 Requirements governing domain of applicability8.1 One o

39、r more collections of measurement data shall be identified to establish the domain of applicability of the formula set. These data shall have a level of quality (e.g. repeatability, reproducibility see ISO 5725) assessed through a documented/standardized procedure).8.2 The domain of applicability of

40、 the algebraic formulas shall be determined through comparison with the measurement data of 8.1.8.3 Potential sources of error that limit the set of algebraic formulas to the specific scenarios given in Clause 4 shall be identified, for example, the assumption of one or more uniform gas layers in an

41、 enclosed space. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16737:2012ISO 16737:2012(E)Annex A (informative) General aspects of vent flowsA.1 Terms and definitions used in this annexFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 and the following apply.A.1.1boundarysurface

42、 that defines the extent of an enclosureA.1.2datumelevation used as the reference elevation for evaluation of hydrostatic pressure profilesA.1.3enclosureroom, space or volume that is bounded by surfacesA.1.4flow coefficientempirical efficiency factor that accounts for the difference between the actu

43、al and the theoretical flow rate through a ventA.1.5hydrostatic pressureatmospheric pressure gradient associated with heightA.1.6interface positionsmoke layer heightelevation of the smoke layer interface relative to datum, typically the elevation of the lowest boundary of the enclosureA.1.7neutral p

44、lane heightelevation at which the pressure inside an enclosure is the same as the pressure outside the enclosure4 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 16737:2012ISO 16737:2012(E)A.1.8pressure differencedifference between the pressure inside an enclosure and outside the enclosure at a specified elevati

45、onA.1.9smokeairborne stream of solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the streamA.1.10smoke layerhot upper layerhot gas layerrelatively homogeneous volume of smoke

46、that forms and accumulates beneath the boundary having the highest elevation in an enclosure as a result of a fireA.1.11smoke layer interfacehorizontal plane separating the smoke layer from the lower layerA.1.12ventopening in an enclosure boundary through which air and smoke can flow as a result of

47、naturally or mechanically induced forcesA.1.13vent flowflows of smoke or air through a vent in an enclosure boundaryA.2 Description of physical phenomena addressed by the formula setA.2.1 ScopeThis annex is intended to document the general methods that can be used to calculate mass flow rate through

48、 a vent. The formula set is based on orifice flow theory.A.2.2 General description of calculation methodThe calculation methods permit calculation of flows through vents in enclosure boundaries arising from pressure differences that develop between an enclosure and adjacent spaces as a result of tem

49、perature differences between the enclosure and the adjacent spaces. Pressure differences may also result from fire gas expansion, mechanical ventilation, wind or other forces acting on the enclosure boundaries and vents, but these forces are not addressed in this International Standard. Given a pressure difference across a vent and the temperatures of the enclosures that the vent connects, mass flow rate is calculated by using orifice flow theory.The properties of an enclosure, such as smoke layer interface height, temperature, an