ASTM E1316-2015 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations《无损检测的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1316 141E1316 15Standard Terminology forNondestructive Examinations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par

2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEDefinition of “ultrasonic response” updated editorially in March 2015.INDEX OF TERMSSectionA: Common NDT TermsB: Acoustic Emission (AE) TermsC: Electromag

3、netic Testing (ET) TermsD: Gamma- and X-Radiologic Testing (RT) TermsE: Leak Testing (LT) TermsF: Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) TermsG: Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) TermsH: Neutron Radiologic Testing (NRT) TermsI: Ultrasonic Testing (UT) TermsJ: Infrared Testing (IRT) TermsK: Holographic Testing (

4、HT) TermsL: Visual Testing (VT) Terms1. Scope1.1 This standard defines the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing.These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leaktesting, li

5、quid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technicalmethods.1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing and inspection are commonly used as synonyms innondestructive testing. For uniformity and consistency in E

6、07 nondestructive testing standards, Committee E07 encourages the useof the term examination and its derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test methods. There are, however,appropriate exceptions when the term test and its derivatives may be used to describe the application of

7、 a nondestructive test, suchas measurements which produce a numeric result (for example, when using the leak testing method to perform a leak test on acomponent, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity). Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDTmethod, that is, Radiologic

8、 Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example: Radiologic Testing (RT) is often usedto examine material to detect internal discontinuities.)1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple NDT methods, whereas, the subsequent sections define termspertaining to specific NDT me

9、thods.1.4 As shown on the chart below, when nondestructive testing produces an indication, the indication is subject to interpretationas false, nonrelevant or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in thedecision to accept or reject the mate

10、rial. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the meaning found in mostdictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined in Section A.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92

11、on Editorial Review.Current edition approved June 1, 2014Sept. 1, 2015. Published June 2014October 2015. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asE1316 14.E1316 141. DOI: 10.1520/E1316-14E01.10.1520/E1316-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to p

12、rovide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof t

13、he standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1316 1522. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2NOTE 1This standard defines the terminology used in the sta

14、ndards prepared by Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and published in theAnnual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03.3. Significance and Use3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards.The purpose of this standa

15、rd is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.4. TerminologySection A: Common NDT TermsThe terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92, Editorial Review.acceptable quality levelthe maximum percent defective o

16、r the maximum number of units defective per hundred units that, forthe purpose of sampling test, can be considered satisfactory as a process average.calibration, instrument, nthe comparison of an instrument with, or the adjustment of an instrument to, a known reference(s)often traceable to the Natio

17、nal Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (See also standardization, instrument.)cognizant engineering organizationthe company, government agency or other authority responsible for the design, or end use,of the material or component for which nondestructive testing is required.DISCUSSIONIn a

18、ddition to design personnel, the cognizant engineering organization could include personnel from engineering, material and process engineering,stress analysis, nondestructive testing, quality assurance and others, as appropriate.defect, none or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape, orientation, lo

19、cation, or properties do not meet specified acceptancecriteria and are rejectable.discontinuity, na lack of continuity or cohesion; an intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure orconfiguration of a material or component.evaluationdetermination of whether a relevant indicati

20、on is cause to accept or to reject a material or component.examination, na procedure for determining a property (or properties) or other conditions or characteristics of a material orcomponent by direct or indirect means.DISCUSSIONExamples include utilization of X-rays or ultrasonic waves for the pu

21、rpose of determining (directly or by calculation) flaw content, density, or (forultrasound) modulus; or detection of flaws by induction of eddy currents, observing thermal behavior,AE response, or utilization of magnetic particlesor liquid penetrants.false indication, nan NDT indication that is inte

22、rpreted to be caused by a condition other than a discontinuity or imperfection.flaw, nan imperfection or discontinuity that may be detectable by nondestructive testing and is not necessarily rejectable.flaw characterization, nthe process of quantifying the size, shape, orientation, location, growth,

23、 or other properties, of a flawbased on NDT response.imperfection, na departure of a quality characteristic from its intended condition.indicationthe response or evidence from a nondestructive examination.DISCUSSIONAn indication is determined by interpretation to be relevant, non-relevant, or false.

24、2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.E1316 153inspection, nsee preferred term examination.interpre

25、tationthe determination of whether indications are relevant or nonrelevant.interpretation, nthe determination of whether indications are relevant, nonrelevant, or false.Nondestructive Evaluationsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Examinationsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Inspections

26、ee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Testing (NDT), nthe development and application of technical methods to examine materials or componentsin ways that do not impair future usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate, measure and evaluate flaws; to assessintegrity, properties and c

27、omposition; and to measure geometrical characteristics.nonrelevant indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that is not rejectable. Falseindications are non-relevant.reference standard, na material or object for which all relevant chemical and physical ch

28、aracteristics are known andmeasurable, used as a comparison for, or standardization of, equipment or instruments used for nondestructive testing. (See alsostandardization, instrument.)relevant indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that requires evaluat

29、ion.standard(1) a physical reference used as a basis for comparison or calibration; (2) a concept that has been established byauthority, custom, or agreement to serve as a model or rule in the measurement of quality or the establishment of a practice orprocedure.standardization, instrument, nthe adj

30、ustment of an NDT instrument using an appropriate reference standard, to obtain orestablish a known and reproducible response. (This is usually done prior to an examination, but can be carried out anytime thereis concern about the examination or instrument response. (See also calibration, instrument

31、.)test, nsee preferred term examination.Section B: Acoustic EmissionThe terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission Method.acoustic emission (AE)the class of phenomena whereby transient stress/displacement waves are generated by the rapid rele

32、aseof energy from localized sources within a material, or the transient waves so generated.DISCUSSIONAcoustic emission is the recommended term for general use. Other terms that have been used in AE literature include: (1) stress wave emission, (2)microseismic activity, and (3) emission or acoustic e

33、mission with other qualifying modifiers.acoustic emission channelsee channel, acoustic emission.acoustic emission count (emission count) (N)see count, acoustic emission.acoustic emission count ratesee count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate) (N).acoustic emission eventsee event, a

34、coustic emission.acoustic emission event energysee energy, acoustic event.acoustic emission mechanism or acoustic emission source mechanisma dynamic process or combination of processesoccurring within a material, generating acoustic emission events. AE source mechanisms can be subdivided into severa

35、lcategories: material and mechanical, macroscopic and microscopic, primary and secondary.DISCUSSIONExamples of macroscopic materialAE source mechanisms in metals are incremental crack advancements, plastic deformation development and fractureof inclusions. Friction and impacts are examples of mechan

36、icalAE.Acrack advancement can be considered a primaryAE mechanism while a resultingcrack surface friction can be considered as a secondary AE mechanism.acoustic emission sensorsee sensor, acoustic emission.acoustic emission signal amplitudesee signal amplitude, acoustic emission.acoustic emission si

37、gnal (emission signal)see signal, acoustic emission.acoustic emission signature (signature)see signature, acoustic emission.acoustic emission transducersee sensor, acoustic emission.acoustic emission waveguidesee waveguide, acoustic emission.E1316 154acousto-ultrasonics (AU)a nondestructive examinat

38、ion method that uses induced stress waves to detect and assess diffuse defectstates, damage conditions, and variations of mechanical properties of a test structure. The AU method combines aspects ofacoustic emission (AE) signal analysis with ultrasonic materials characterization techniques.active so

39、urceone which exhibits increasing cumulative AE activity with increasing or constant stimulus.adaptive locationsource location by iterative use of simulated sources in combination with computed location.AE activity, nthe presence of acoustic emission during a test.AE amplitudesee dBAE.AE rms, nthe r

40、ectified, time averaged AE signal, measured on a linear scale and reported in volts.AE signal durationthe time between AE signal start and AE signal end.AE signal endthe recognized termination of an AE signal, usually defined as the last crossing of the threshold by that signal.AE signal generatora

41、device which can repeatedly induce a specified transient signal into an AE instrument.AE signal rise timethe time between AE signal start and the peak amplitude of that AE signal.AE signal startthe beginning of anAE signal as recognized by the system processor, usually defined by an amplitude excurs

42、ionexceeding threshold.AE source intensityaverage energy, counts or amplitude per hit.array, na group of two or more AE sensors positioned on a structure for the purposes of detecting and locating sources. Thesources would normally be within the array.arrival time interval (tij)see interval, arrival

43、 time.attenuation, nthe gradual loss of acoustic emission wave energy as a function of distance through absorption, scattering,diffraction and geometric spreading.DISCUSSIONAttenuation can be measured as the decrease in AE amplitude or other AE signal parameter per unit distance.average signal level

44、, nthe rectified, time averaged AE logarithmic signal, measured on the AE amplitude logarithmic scale andreported in dBae units (where 0 dBae refers to 1 V at the preamplifier input).burst emissionsee emission, burst.channel, acoustic emissionan assembly of a sensor, preamplifier or impedance matchi

45、ng transformer, filters secondary amplifieror other instrumentation as needed, connecting cables, and detector or processor.DISCUSSIONA channel for examining fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) may utilize more than one sensor with associated electronics. Channels may be processedindependently or in

46、 predetermined groups having similar sensitivity and frequency characteristics.continuous emissionsee emission, continuous.count, acoustic emission (emission count) (N)the number of times the acoustic emission signal exceeds a preset thresholdduring any selected portion of a test.count, event (Ne)th

47、e number obtained by counting each discerned acoustic emission event once.count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate) (N) the time rate at which emission counts occur.count, ring-downsee count, acoustic emission, the preferred term.couplanta material used at the structure-to-sensor i

48、nterface to improve the transmission of acoustic energy across the interfaceduring acoustic emission monitoring.critically active sourceone which exhibits an increasing rate of change of cumulative AE activity with increasing or constantstimulus.critically intense sourceone in which theAE source int

49、ensity consistently increases with increasing stimulus or with time underconstant stimulus.cumulative (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution F(V)see distribution, amplitude, cumulative.E1316 155cumulative (acoustic emission) threshold crossing distribution Ft(V)see distribution, threshold crossing, cumulative.dBAEa logarithmic measure of acoustic emission signal amplitude, referenced to 1 V at the sensor, before amplification.Signal peak amplitudedBAE!5dB1V at sensor!520 log10A1/A0!