ASTM E1316-2014e1 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations《无损检测的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1316 141Standard Terminology forNondestructive Examinations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1316; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses

2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEDefinition of “ultrasonic response” updated editorially in March 2015.INDEX OF TERMSSectionA: Common NDT TermsB: Acoustic Emission (AE) TermsC: Electromagnetic Tes

3、ting (ET) TermsD: Gamma- and X-Radiologic Testing (RT) TermsE: Leak Testing (LT) TermsF: Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) TermsG: Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) TermsH: Neutron Radiologic Testing (NRT) TermsI: Ultrasonic Testing (UT) TermsJ: Infrared Testing (IRT) TermsK: Holographic Testing (HT) Terms

4、L: Visual Testing (VT) Terms1. Scope1.1 This standard defines the terminology used in thestandards prepared by the E07 Committee on NondestructiveTesting. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include:acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- andX-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetr

5、ant testing, magneticparticle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonictesting, and other technical methods.1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination,testing and inspection are commonly used as synonyms innondestructive testing. For uniformity and consistency in E07nondestruct

6、ive testing standards, Committee E07 encouragesthe use of the term examination and its derivatives whendescribing the application of nondestructive test methods.There are, however, appropriate exceptions when the term testand its derivatives may be used to describe the application ofa nondestructive

7、 test, such as measurements which produce anumeric result (for example, when using the leak testingmethod to perform a leak test on a component, or an ultrasonicmeasurement of velocity).Additionally, the term test should beused when referring to the NDT method, that is, RadiologicTesting (RT), Ultra

8、sonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example:Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to examine material todetect internal discontinuities.)1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multipleNDT methods, whereas, the subsequent sections define termspertaining to specific NDT methods.1.4 As shown on

9、the chart below, when nondestructivetesting produces an indication, the indication is subject tointerpretation as false, nonrelevant or relevant. If it has beeninterpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluationwill result in the decision to accept or reject the material. Withthe exception

10、of accept and reject, which retain the meaningfound in most dictionaries, all the words used in the chart aredefined in Section A.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on NondestructiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92 on EditorialReview.Current e

11、dition approved June 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1316 14. DOI:10.1520/E1316-14E01.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM

12、 Standards:2NOTE 1This standard defines the terminology used in the standardsprepared by Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and published inthe Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03.3. Significance and Use3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be useduniformly and consistent

13、ly in all nondestructive testing stan-dards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clearunderstanding and interpretation of the NDT standards inwhich they are used.4. TerminologySection A: Common NDT TermsThe terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.92, Edi

14、torial Review.acceptable quality levelthe maximum percent defective orthe maximum number of units defective per hundred unitsthat, for the purpose of sampling test, can be consideredsatisfactory as a process average.calibration, instrument, nthe comparison of an instrumentwith, or the adjustment of

15、an instrument to, a knownreference(s) often traceable to the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST). (See alsostandardization, instrument.)cognizant engineering organizationthe company, govern-ment agency or other authority responsible for the design, orend use, of the material or comp

16、onent for which nondestruc-tive testing is required.DISCUSSIONIn addition to design personnel, the cognizant engineer-ing organization could include personnel from engineering, materialand process engineering, stress analysis, nondestructive testing, qualityassurance and others, as appropriate.defec

17、t, none or more flaws whose aggregate size, shape,orientation, location, or properties do not meet specifiedacceptance criteria and are rejectable.discontinuity, na lack of continuity or cohesion; an inten-tional or unintentional interruption in the physical structureor configuration of a material o

18、r component.evaluationdetermination of whether a relevant indication iscause to accept or to reject a material or component.examination, na procedure for determining a property (orproperties) or other conditions or characteristics of a materialor component by direct or indirect means.DISCUSSIONExamp

19、les include utilization of X-rays or ultrasonicwaves for the purpose of determining (directly or by calculation) flawcontent, density, or (for ultrasound) modulus; or detection of flaws byinduction of eddy currents, observing thermal behavior, AE response,or utilization of magnetic particles or liqu

20、id penetrants.false indication, nan NDT indication that is interpreted to becaused by a condition other than a discontinuity or imper-fection.flaw, nan imperfection or discontinuity that may be detect-able by nondestructive testing and is not necessarily reject-able.flaw characterization, nthe proce

21、ss of quantifying the size,shape, orientation, location, growth, or other properties, of aflaw based on NDT response.imperfection, na departure of a quality characteristic fromits intended condition.indicationthe response or evidence from a nondestructiveexamination.DISCUSSIONAn indication is determ

22、ined by interpretation to berelevant, non-relevant, or false.inspection, nsee preferred term examination.interpretationthe determination of whether indications arerelevant or nonrelevant.interpretation, nthe determination of whether indicationsare relevant, nonrelevant, or false.Nondestructive Evalu

23、ationsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Examinationsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Inspectionsee Nondestructive Testing.Nondestructive Testing (NDT), nthe development and ap-plication of technical methods to examine materials orcomponents in ways that do not impair future usefulness

24、 andserviceability in order to detect, locate, measure and evaluateflaws; to assess integrity, properties and composition; and tomeasure geometrical characteristics.nonrelevant indication, nan NDT indication that is causedby a condition or type of discontinuity that is not rejectable.False indicatio

25、ns are non-relevant.reference standard, na material or object for which allrelevant chemical and physical characteristics are known andmeasurable, used as a comparison for, or standardization of,equipment or instruments used for nondestructive testing.(See also standardization, instrument.)relevant

26、indication, nan NDT indication that is caused by acondition or type of discontinuity that requires evaluation.standard(1) a physical reference used as a basis for com-parison or calibration; (2) a concept that has been establishedby authority, custom, or agreement to serve as a model orrule in the m

27、easurement of quality or the establishment of apractice or procedure.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM

28、website.E1316 1412standardization, instrument, nthe adjustment of an NDTinstrument using an appropriate reference standard, to obtainor establish a known and reproducible response. (This isusually done prior to an examination, but can be carried outanytime there is concern about the examination or i

29、nstru-ment response. (See also calibration, instrument.)test, nsee preferred term examination.Section B: Acoustic EmissionThe terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission Method.acoustic emission (AE)the class of phenomena wherebytransient stre

30、ss/displacement waves are generated by therapid release of energy from localized sources within amaterial, or the transient waves so generated.DISCUSSIONAcoustic emission is the recommended term for generaluse. Other terms that have been used inAE literature include: (1) stresswave emission, (2) mic

31、roseismic activity, and (3) emission or acousticemission with other qualifying modifiers.acoustic emission channelsee channel, acoustic emission.acoustic emission count (emission count) (N)see count,acoustic emission.acoustic emission count ratesee count rate, acoustic emis-sion (emission rate or co

32、unt rate) (N).acoustic emission eventsee event, acoustic emission.acoustic emission event energysee energy, acoustic event.acoustic emission mechanism or acoustic emission sourcemechanisma dynamic process or combination of pro-cesses occurring within a material, generating acousticemission events. A

33、E source mechanisms can be subdividedinto several categories: material and mechanical, macro-scopic and microscopic, primary and secondary.DISCUSSIONExamples of macroscopic material AE source mecha-nisms in metals are incremental crack advancements, plastic deforma-tion development and fracture of i

34、nclusions. Friction and impacts areexamples of mechanical AE. A crack advancement can be considered aprimary AE mechanism while a resulting crack surface friction can beconsidered as a secondary AE mechanism.acoustic emission sensorsee sensor, acoustic emission.acoustic emission signal amplitudesee

35、signal amplitude,acoustic emission.acoustic emission signal (emission signal)see signal, acous-tic emission.acoustic emission signature (signature)see signature,acoustic emission.acoustic emission transducersee sensor, acoustic emission.acoustic emission waveguidesee waveguide, acoustic emis-sion.ac

36、ousto-ultrasonics (AU)a nondestructive examinationmethod that uses induced stress waves to detect and assessdiffuse defect states, damage conditions, and variations ofmechanical properties of a test structure. The AU methodcombines aspects of acoustic emission (AE) signal analysiswith ultrasonic mat

37、erials characterization techniques.active sourceone which exhibits increasing cumulative AEactivity with increasing or constant stimulus.adaptive locationsource location by iterative use of simu-lated sources in combination with computed location.AE activity, nthe presence of acoustic emission durin

38、g a test.AE amplitudesee dBAE.AE rms, nthe rectified, time averaged AE signal, measuredon a linear scale and reported in volts.AE signal durationthe time betweenAE signal start andAEsignal end.AE signal endthe recognized termination of an AE signal,usually defined as the last crossing of the thresho

39、ld by thatsignal.AE signal generatora device which can repeatedly induce aspecified transient signal into an AE instrument.AE signal rise timethe time betweenAE signal start and thepeak amplitude of that AE signal.AE signal startthe beginning of an AE signal as recognizedby the system processor, usu

40、ally defined by an amplitudeexcursion exceeding threshold.AE source intensityaverage energy, counts or amplitude perhit.array, na group of two or more AE sensors positioned on astructure for the purposes of detecting and locating sources.The sources would normally be within the array.arrival time in

41、terval (tij)see interval, arrival time.attenuation, nthe gradual loss of acoustic emission waveenergy as a function of distance through absorption,scattering, diffraction and geometric spreading.DISCUSSIONAttenuation can be measured as the decrease in AEamplitude or other AE signal parameter per uni

42、t distance.average signal level, nthe rectified, time averaged AElogarithmic signal, measured on the AE amplitude logarith-mic scale and reported in dBaeunits (where 0 dBaerefers to1 V at the preamplifier input).burst emissionsee emission, burst.channel, acoustic emissionan assembly of a sensor, pre

43、am-plifier or impedance matching transformer, filters secondaryamplifier or other instrumentation as needed, connectingcables, and detector or processor.DISCUSSIONA channel for examining fiberglass reinforced plastic(FRP) may utilize more than one sensor with associated electronics.Channels may be p

44、rocessed independently or in predetermined groupshaving similar sensitivity and frequency characteristics.continuous emissionsee emission, continuous.E1316 1413count, acoustic emission (emission count) (N)the numberof times the acoustic emission signal exceeds a presetthreshold during any selected p

45、ortion of a test.count, event (Ne)the number obtained by counting eachdiscerned acoustic emission event once.count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate)(N)the time rate at which emission counts occur.count, ring-downsee count, acoustic emission, the preferredterm.couplanta material u

46、sed at the structure-to-sensor interfaceto improve the transmission of acoustic energy across theinterface during acoustic emission monitoring.critically active sourceone which exhibits an increasing rateof change of cumulative AE activity with increasing orconstant stimulus.critically intense sourc

47、eone in which the AE source inten-sity consistently increases with increasing stimulus or withtime under constant stimulus.cumulative (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution F(V)see distribution, amplitude, cumulative.cumulative (acoustic emission) threshold crossing distributionFt(V)see distribu

48、tion, threshold crossing, cumulative.dBAEa logarithmic measure of acoustic emission signalamplitude, referenced to 1 V at the sensor, before amplifi-cation.Signal peak amplitude dBAE! 5 dB1V at sensor!5 20 log10A1/A0!(1)where:A0= 1 V at the sensor (before amplification), andA1= peak voltage of the m

49、easured acoustic emission signal(also before amplification).Acoustic Emission Reference Scale:dBAEValue Voltage at Sensor0120 10 V40 100 V60 1 mV80 10 mV100 100 mVDISCUSSIONIn the case of sensors with integral preamplifiers, theA0reference is before internal amplification.dead timeany interval during data acquisition when theinstrument or system is unable to accept new data for anyreason.differential (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution F(V)see distribution, differential (acoustic