ASTM E1032-2006 Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments《焊接件射线检验的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 1032 06Standard Test Method forRadiographic Examination of Weldments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1032; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a uniform procedure forradiographic examination of weldments using industrial radio-graphic film. Requirements express

3、ed in this method areintended to control the quality of the radiographic images andare not intended for controlling acceptability or quality ofwelds.1.2 The radiographic extent, the quality level, and theacceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in thecontract, purchase order, product spe

4、cification, or drawings.1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide ad-equate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recog-nized that, for special applications, specific techniques usingmore or less stringent requirements may be required than thosespecified. In these cases, the

5、 use of alternative radiographictechniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser andsupplier (also see Section 4).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It i

6、s theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specificsafety precautionary information, see Section 7.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for

7、Radiographic ExaminationE 242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio-graphic Images as Certain Parameters Are ChangedE 390 Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion WeldsE 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and MaterialGroupin

8、g Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-diographic Film ProcessingE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 10

9、79 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-etersE 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic FilmsE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial Radiography2.2 ASNT Standards:3Recommended

10、 Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Personnel Quali-fication and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 Other Standards:NAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification andQualification of Nondestructive Test

11、Personnel4EN 444 Nondestructive TestingGeneral Principles forRadiographic Examination of Metallic Materials by X andGamma RaysBasic Rules5ISO 5579 Nondestructive TestingRadiographic Examina-tion of Metallic Materials by X and Gamma RaysBasicRules53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms

12、 used in this testmethod, see Terminology E 1316.4. Basis of Application4.1 Personnel QualificationNondestructive testing (NDT)personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationallyrecognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standardsuch as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410 or a1This

13、 test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1985. Last previous edition approved in 200

14、1 as E 1032 - 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society for Nondest

15、ructive Testing (ANST), 1711Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1250Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 1003

16、6.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.similar document. The practice or standard used and itsapplicable revision shall be specified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties.4.2 Qualification of Nondestructi

17、ve AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated in accordance with Practice E 543. The appli-cable edition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.4.3 Time of ExaminationThe time of examination shall bein accordance with 8.1

18、unless otherwise specified.4.4 ProceduresThe procedures to be utilized shall be asdescribed in 7.1.4.5 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of the examinationshall be in accordance with 7.2.4.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria of the examination results shall be in accordance wit

19、hSection 11.4.7 Reexamination of Repaired or Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired or reworked items is not addressedin this test method and if required shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.4.8 Radiographic Quality LevelThe radiographic qualitylevel shall be in accordance with 7.4.5. Mat

20、erials5.1 Film SystemsOnly film systems having cognizantengineering organization (CEO) approval or meeting the re-quirements of test method E 1815 shall be used to meet therequirements of this standard.6. Apparatus6.1 Radiation Source (X-Ray or Gamma-Ray)Selection ofthe appropriate source is depende

21、nt upon variables regardingthe weld being examined (material composition and thickness).The suitability of the source shall be demonstrated by attain-ment of the required IQI sensitivity and compliance with allother requirements stipulated herein (film density and area ofinterest density tolerances,

22、 etc.).6.2 Film Holders and CassettesFilm holders and cassettesshall be light tight and shall be handled properly to reduce thelikelihood that they may be damaged. They may be flexiblevinyl, plastic, or other durable material, or they may be madefrom metallic materials. In the event that light leaks

23、 into thefilm holder and produces images on the radiograph, theradiograph need not be rejected unless the images encroach onthe radiographic area of interest. If the film holder exhibitslight leaks, it shall be repaired before reuse or discarded. Filmholders and cassettes should be routinely examine

24、d to mini-mize the likelihood of light leaks.6.3 Intensifying Screens:6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:6.3.1.1 Intensifying screens of the lead-foil type are gener-ally used for production radiography. Lead-foil screens shall beof the same approximate dimensions as the film being used andshall be in direct c

25、ontact with the film during exposure.6.3.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the purchaser-supplieragreement, the lead-foil screens shown in Table 1 shall be used,except as provided within the tabular notes below it.6.3.2 Fluorescent, Fluorometallic, or Other MetallicScreensSuch screens may be used wi

26、th CEO approval asdescribed under 5.1; however, they must be capable of dem-onstrating the required IQI sensitivity. Fluorescent or fluoro-metallic screens may cause limitations in image quality (seeGuide E94, Appendix X1).6.3.3 Screen Care:6.3.3.1 All screens should be handled carefully to avoidden

27、ts, scratches, grease, or dirt on active surfaces. Screens thatrender nonrelevant indications on radiographs shall be visuallyexamined and discarded if physical damage is observed.6.3.3.2 Screens, with or without backing, shall be free ofdust, dirt, oxidation, or any other foreign material that rend

28、erundesirable nonrelevant images on the film.6.3.3.3 Other ScreensEuropean Standard CEN EN 444contains similar provisions for intensifying screens as in thistest method. International users of these type screens whoprefer the use of CEN EN 444 or ISO 5579 for their particularapplications should spec

29、ify such alternative provisions withinseparate contractual arrangements from this test method.6.4 FiltersFilters shall be used whenever the contrastreductions caused by low energy, scattered radiation, or theextent of undercut (edge burn-off) occurring on productionradiographs is of significant magn

30、itude to cause difficulty inmeeting the quality level or radiographic coverage require-ments stipulated by the job order or contract (see Guide E94).6.5 MaskingMasking material may improve radiographicquality (see Guide E94).6.6 IQIs (Penetrameters)Unless otherwise specified bythe applicable job ord

31、er or contract, only those IQIs thatcomply with the design and identification requirements speci-fied in Practice E 1025 or Practice E 747 shall be used.TABLE 1 Lead-Foil ScreensKeV Range Front ScreenABack Screen Minimum0 to 150 KeVB0.000 to 0.001 in. 0 to 0.025 mm 0.005 in. 0.127 mmC150 to 200 KeV;

32、 Ir 192; Se 75 0.000 to 0.005 in. 0 to 0.127 mm 0.005 in. 0.127 mm200 KeV to 2 MeV; Co 60 0.005 to 0.010 in. 0.126 to 0.254 mm 0.010 in. 0.254 mm2 to 4 MeV 0.010 to 0.020 in. 0.254 to 0.508 mm 0.010 in. 0.254 mm4 to 10 MeV 0.010 to 0.030 in. 0.254 to 0.762 mm 0.010 in. 0.254 mm10 to 25 MeV 0.010 to

33、0.050 in. 0.254 to 1.27 mm 0.010 in. 0.254 mmAThe lead screen thickness listed for the various voltage ranges are recommended thicknesses and not required thicknesses. Other thicknesses and materials may beused provided the required radiographic quality level, contrast, and density are achieved.BPre

34、packed film with lead screens may be used from 80 to 150 KeV. No lead screens are recommended below 80 KeV. Prepacked film may be used at higher energylevels provided the contrast, density, radiographic quality level, and backscatter requirements are achieved.Additional intermediate lead screens may

35、 be used for reductionof scattered radiation at higher energies.CNo back screen is required provided the backscatter requirements of 8.5 are met.E10320626.7 Shims, Separate Blocks, or Like SectionsShims, sepa-rate blocks, or like sections made of the same or radiographi-cally similar materials (as d

36、efined in Practice E 1025) may beused to facilitate IQI positioning. There is no restriction onshim or separate block maximum thickness, provided the IQIand area-of-interest density variation requirements of 8.8.2 aremet. The like section should be geometrically similar to theobject being radiograph

37、ed.6.8 Radiographic Location and Identification MarkersLead numbers and letters are used to designate the part numberand location number. The size and thickness of the markersshall depend on the ability of the radiographic technique todiscern the markers on the radiograph. As a general rule,markers1

38、16 in. thick will suffice for most low energy (less than1 MeV) X ray and Iridium 192 radiography; for higher energyradiography it may be necessary to use markers that are thicker(18 in. thick or more).6.9 Radiographic Density Measurement ApparatusEithera transmission densitometer or a step-wedge com

39、parison filmshall be used for judging film-density requirements. Step-wedge comparison films or densitometers calibration, or both,shall be verified by comparison with a calibrated step-wedgefilm traceable to the National Institute of Standards andTechnology. Where applicable, a film digitization an

40、d analysissystem may be substituted for a transmission densitometerprovided the film digitization and analysis system has beencalibrated and verified by comparison with a calibrated step-wedge film traceable to the National Institute of Standards andTechnology. Densitometers shall be calibrated in a

41、ccordancewith Practice E 1079.7. Requirements7.1 Procedure RequirementUnless otherwise specified bythe applicable job order or contract, radiographic examinationshall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approvalof the written proced

42、ures shall be dictated by purchaser andsupplier agreement. The production procedure shall address allapplicable portions of this document and shall be available forreview during interpretation of the radiographs.7.2 Radiographic CoverageUnless otherwise specified bypurchaser and supplier agreement,

43、the extent of radiographiccoverage shall include 100 % of the volume of the weld.7.3 Radiographic Film QualityAll radiographs shall befree of mechanical, chemical, handling-related, or other blem-ishes which could mask or be confused with the image of anydiscontinuity in the area of interest on the

44、radiograph. If anydoubt exists as to the true nature of an indication exhibited bythe film, the radiograph shall be rejected and the view retaken.NOTE 1Digital image enhancement techniques applied to scannedradiographic images have, in some cases, shown the ability to resolvedoubts regarding the tru

45、e nature of indications shown in the originalradiograph. Where applicable, these techniques may be used in an effort toresolve questions regarding the nature of the indication.7.4 Radiographic Quality LevelRadiographic qualitylevel shall be determined upon agreement between the pur-chaser and suppli

46、er and shall be specified in the applicable joborder or contract.7.5 Acceptance LevelAccept and reject levels shall bestipulated by the applicable contract, job order, drawing, orother purchaser and supplier agreement.7.6 Radiographic Density LimitationsThe densitythrough the body of the IQI and are

47、a of interest shall be 1.5 to4.0 for single film viewing and 2.0 to 4.0 for compositeviewing.7.7 Film Handling:7.7.1 Darkroom FacilitiesDarkroom facilities should bekept clean and as dust-free as practical. Safe-lights should bethose recommended by film manufacturers for the radiographicmaterials us

48、ed and should be positioned in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations. All darkroom equipmentand materials should be capable of producing radiographs thatare suitable for interpretation.7.7.2 Film ProcessingRadiographic film processingshould be controlled in accordance with Guide E 999.7.7

49、.3 Film-Viewing FacilitiesViewing facilities shall pro-vide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will notcause troublesome reflection, shadows, or glare on the radio-graph. The viewing light shall be of sufficient intensity to viewdensities up to 4.0 and be appropriately controlled so that theoptimum intensity for single or superimposed viewing ofradiographs may be selected.7.7.4 Storage of RadiographsWhen storage is required bythe applicable job order or contract, the radiographs should bestored in an area with