ASTM D6032 D6032M-2017 red 1042 Standard Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of Rock Core《测定岩芯岩石质量指标(RQD)的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D6032 08D6032/D6032M 17Standard Test Method forDetermining Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of Rock Core1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6032;D6032/D6032M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revis

2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rock quality designation (RQD) as a standard parame

3、ter in drill corelogging. logging of a core sample in addition to the commonly obtained core recovery value (Practice D2113); however there maybe some variations between different disciplines, such as mining and civil projects.1.2 This standard does not cover any RQD determinations made by other bor

4、ehole methods (such as acoustic or opticalteleviewer) and which may not give the same data or results as on the actual core sample(s).1.3 There are many drilling and lithologic variations that could affect the RQD results.This standard provides examples of manycommon and some unusual situations that

5、 the user of this standard needs to understand to use this standard and cannot expect itto be all inclusive for all drilling and logging scenarios. The intent is to provide a baseline of examples for the user to takeownership and watch for similar, additional or unique geological and procedural issu

6、es in their specific drilling programs.1.4 This standard uses the original calculation methods by D.U. Deere to determine an RQD value and does not cover othercalculation or analysis methods; such as Monte Carlo.1.5 The RQD in this test method only denotes the percentage of intact and sound rock in

7、a core interval, defined by the testprogram, and only of the rock mass in the direction of the drill hole axis, at a specific location. A core interval is typically a corerun but can be a lithological unit or any other interval of core sample relevant to the project.1.6 RQD was originally introduced

8、 for use with conventional drilling of N-size core with diameter of 54.7 mm (2.155 in.).However, this test method covers all types of core barrels and core sizes from BQ to PQ, which are normally acceptable formeasuring determining RQD as long as proper drilling techniques are used that do not cause

9、 excess core breakage or poor recovery,or both. See 6.3 for more information on this issue.1.7 Only the RQD classification which correlates with the common tunneling classification that was presented by Deere2,3 iscovered in this test method. Other classification systems are not covered specifically

10、 but are mentioned in general and if used shallnot be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.8.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calcula

11、ted, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to theaccuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standardis beyond its scope.1.9 The values stated in either SI units are or inch-pound units rational values are

12、 given in brackets are to be regardedseparately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be usedindep

13、endently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reportingof test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,

14、associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the dire

15、ct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved July 1, 2008March 1, 2017. Published July 2008April 2017. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20062008 asD6032 02 (2006).D6032 08. DOI: 10.1520/D6032-08.10.1520/D6032_D6032M-17.2 Deere, D.

16、U., and Deere, D. W., The Rock Quality Designation (RQD)After TwentyYears, Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes, ASTM STP 984, 1988,pp. 91101.3 Deere, D. U., and Deere, D. W., Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Index in Practice, Contract Report G1891, Department of the Army Corps of Eng

17、ineers, 1989.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users cons

18、ult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,

19、 PA 19428-2959. United States11.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organi

20、zation Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Te

21、sting and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core Samples (Withdrawn 2017)5D5878 Guides for Using Rock-Mass Classification Systems for Engineering PurposesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geot

22、echnical DataE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 For terminology used in this test method, refer to Terminology D653.Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.

23、3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 artificial core run, nrun lengths, or intervals, created when logging the core to identify different zones or patterns ofRQD in the rock mass.3.2.2 centerline method, nlength of core sample measured along the centerline (core axis); see Append

24、ix X1.3.2.3 core discing, nin rock mechanics, a phenomenon in which the drilled core breaks into disks with uniform spacing andshape due to the transient stress changes, and stress release during drilling.3.2.4 core recovery, nin rock drilling, the ratio of length of core sample recovered, both weat

25、hered and unweathered, to thelength drilled, and expressed as a percent.3.2.4.1 DiscussionSome literature is using a term called “total core recovery” to replace this definition. The added term “total” is an attempt topromote other types of core recovery definitions, one of which is “solid core reco

26、very” and which is discussed in this standard andshown in the appendix to be technically flawed and should be discouraged. Therefore, it was decided to stay with a definition thatis already recognized and has been used for many years in the drilling industry.3.2.5 core runrun, nin rock drilling, in

27、the most basic usage, the length of the interval measured from the depth each atwhich drilling to obtain a core sample was started to the depth at which drilling stopped and the sample was recovered from thecore barrel. If required, the core run can also be defined to cover a specific length or lith

28、ology in the core samples.core barrel wasretrieved to recover the cored sample.3.2.5.1 DiscussionIf required, the core run used to calculate the RQD can also be defined to cover a specific interval or lithology in the core samples.The length of the core run may not be equal to the length of the core

29、 sample retrieved if there is any core loss or void(s) in thecoring interval or if a stub of core is left at the bottom of the drill hole. Any core sample or stub left at the bottom of the core runmust be accounted for in a consistent manner in the drill logs and RQD calculations.3.2.6 discontinuity

30、, nin geomechanics, a general term denoting any separation in a rock mass having zero or low tensilestrength and is the collective term for most types of joints, fractures, weak bedding planes, weak schistocity planes, weaknesszones, and shears.3.2.7 drill breakbreak, nin drilling, any mechanical or

31、 man-made break in the core that iswas not naturalnaturally occurring.3.2.8 fully circular method, nin geomechanics, measurement of the core length only where the core has a full circular crosssection along the core axis. See Appendix X1.3.2.9 intact corecore, nin geomechanics, any segment of core b

32、etween two open,open/unbonded, natural or mechanicaldiscontinuities.4 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM w

33、ebsite.5 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.D6032/D6032M 1723.2.10 rock quality designation (RQD)(RQD), nin geomechanics, a modified core recovery percentage in which all in whichthe ratio of length of core recovered to the total length drilled is mod

34、ified such that only the length of the pieces of sound coreover 100 mm are counted as recovery.that are equal to or greater than 100 mm 4 in. in length, as measured along the core axis,are counted towards the length of core recovered, and this ratio is expressed as a percent.3.2.11 sound corecore, n

35、in rock drilling, any core whichthat is freshunweathered to moderately weathered and which hassufficient strength to resist hand breakage.3.2.11.1 DiscussionMost engineers and geologist understand what unweathered means but there is no one standard or definitions for “moderatelyweathered” or “resist

36、 hand breakage” and varies in the literature. However, most drillers and persons logging core usually havea good idea what either one means and would not be abused or would follow standard operating procedures used by their company.In general, hand breakage means something that cannot be indented wi

37、th a finger nail and crumbles under firm blows with sharpend of a geological pick. Moderately weathered can vary in the literature. ISRM definitions for weathering were used for thisstandard.3.2.12 moderately weathered, nin geology, less than half of the rock material is decomposed and/or disintegra

38、ted to a soil;fresh or discolored rock is present either as a continuous framework or as core stones.3.2.13 tip to tip method, nin geomechanics, measurement of the core length as the distance between the highest point of thepiece of the core along the borehole. See Appendix.3.2.13.1 DiscussionThis d

39、efinition is only provide because it is used in the standard for discussions on why this measurement method is not used orapproved by this standard and does not infer that the method is valid or applicable for RQD measurements4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The RQD denotes the percentage of intact and

40、sound rock retrieved from a borehole orientated in any direction. All piecesof intact and sound rock core equal to or greater than 100 mm 4 in. long are identified and recorded. The pieces are measuredalong the core axis (centerline method).NOTE 1The original paper by Deere states “over four inches”

41、 and many references vary between “over 4 inches” to “equal to or greater than 4 inches”.This issue was posed to the D18.12 membership and the consensus was that the way it is typically been used in the field, equal to or greater than 100-mm4 in. is how it should be worded in this standard. Referenc

42、es like Wikipedia do not always have the best information either and should not be assumedto be correct much less a consensus on this issue.4.2 Pieces of core that are moderately or intensely weathered, contain numerous pores, or are friable, or any combinationthereof, should not be included in the

43、summation of pieces for the determination of the RQD. Where the core is known or believedto have been broken by handling or by the drilling process, the broken pieces (including core discing) are fitted together andcounted as one piece and the pieces are fitted together, marked as a mechanical break

44、 (both on the cores and on the logs) andcounted as one piece.4.3 The RQD denotes the percentage of intact and sound rock retrieved from a borehole of any orientation. All pieces of intactand sound rock core equal to or greater than 100 mm (4 in.) long All the sections of core that meet the greater t

45、han or equal to100-mm 4 inches and soundness criteria are summed and then divided by the total length of the core run, run or interval of interest(see 4.3.1), as shown in Fig. 1. Rock mechanics judgement, to give the value of RQD as a percent. Rock mechanics judgment maybe necessary to determine if

46、a piece of core qualifies as being intact and sound.4.3.1 If required, the RQD may be determined for intervals other than a given core run. For example, determining the RQD fora given rock unit, rock type, a running value, or weighted average.4.4 The RQD value is then used for classification of the

47、rock quality based upon a rating system, such as the one in Deeresoriginal paper and shown in Fig. 1 and is usually the default system to use. Some other classification system might be used, ifrequired, at the drill site or later on in the data analysis process.5. Significance and Use5.1 The RQD was

48、 first introduced in the mid 1960s to provide a simple and inexpensive general indication of rock mass qualityto predict tunnellingtunneling conditions and support requirements. The recording of RQD has since become virtually standardpractice in drill core logging for a wide variety of geotechnical

49、investigations.explorations.5.2 The use of RQD values has been expanded to provide a basis for making preliminary design and constructability decisionsinvolving estimation of required depths of excavation for foundations of structures. structures, or tunnels, open pits, and manyD6032/D6032M 173other applications. The RQD values also can serve to identify potential problems related to bearing capacity, settlement, erosion,or sliding in rock foundations. The RQD can provide an indication of rock quality in quarries for issues involving concre