ASTM D1321-2004 Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes《石油蜡针入度的标准测试方法》.pdf
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1、Designation: D 1321 04An American National StandardStandard Test Method forNeedle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the empir
3、ical estimation of theconsistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurementof the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This testmethod is applicable to waxes having a penetration of notgreater than 250.NOTE 1This test method is similar to the needle method for deter-mining the penetratio
4、n of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Conemethods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in TestMethods D 217 and Test Method D 937, respectively.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This s
5、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
6、1 ASTM Standards:2D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD 87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax(Cooling Curve)D 217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGreaseD 937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of PetrolatumD 938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petrole
7、umWaxes, Including PetrolatumE 1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 penetration, n, of petroleum waxthe depth in tenthsof a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into thewax under defined conditions.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAs an example, a pen
8、etration readingof 85 from the indicator scale corresponds to a penetrationdepth of 8.5 mm.3.1.2 penetrometer, nan instrument that measures theconsistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials bymeasuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle undera given force falls into the mate
9、rial.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn this test method, a standard pen-etrometer needle (6.3) is used to determine the hardness ofpetroleum wax. The penetration force is determined by thetotal mass (100 g) of the needle, plunger, and 50 g weight.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is heated to at least 17C
10、(30F) above itsexpected congealing point or melting point, poured into acontainer, and then air cooled under controlled conditions. Thesample then is conditioned at test temperature in a water bath.Penetration is measured with a penetrometer, which applies astandard needle to the sample for 5 s unde
11、r a load of 100 g.5. Significance and Use5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetrationis a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significanteffect upon other physical properties.6. Apparatus6.1 Penetrometer, for applying the standard needle to thesurface of the sample specimen an
12、d for measuring the extent ofpenetration at the conclusion of the test. The penetrometer shallbe constructed in such a manner that the accurate placement ofthe tip of the needle at the level surface of the specimen maybe made while maintaining a “zero” reading on the indicator.The apparatus shown in
13、 Fig. 1 represents a composite drawingillustrating the two available types of instrument, one with anadjustable table and the other with an adjustable needleassembly; the use of either type of instrument is permissible.The loaded needle must fall, when released, without appre-ciable friction. The in
14、strument shall be provided with levelingscrews and a spirit level to maintain the plunger shaft in a true1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.10 on Properties of Petroleum Wax.Current
15、 edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 132102a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i
16、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.vertical position. The indicator scale shal
17、l be calibrated intenths of a millimetre division and shall have a range of at least250 tenths of millimetres.6.2 Timing DeviceAn automatic timing release mecha-nism attached to the penetrometer may be used. Alternatively,a stop watch graduated in 0.1-s intervals may be used.6.3 Needle and PlungerTh
18、e needle shall be approxi-mately 83 mm in length and conform to the dimensions shownin Fig. 2. It shall be symmetrically tapered at one end to a conewhose angle shall be within the range from 8, 55 min to 9, 25min over the entire length of the cone. The axis of the coneshall be coincident with the s
19、haft axis within 0.13-mm (0.005-in.) maximum runout (total indicator reading). The taperedsection of the needle shall be made from fully hardened andtempered stainless steel, Grade 440-C or equal, Rockwellhardness C57 to 60. After tapering, the point shall be groundoff to a truncated cone, the small
20、er base of which shall be from0.14 to 0.16 mm in diameter. The truncation shall be squarewith the needle axis within 2, and the edge shall be sharp andfree from burrs. The conical surface and the truncation shall befinished to a smoothness of 0.2 m (8 in.) (rms). The finalweight of the needle shall
21、be 2.5 6 0.05 g. The total weight ofthe plunger shall be 47.5 6 0.05 g; a weight of 50 6 0.05 g isrequired for mounting on the plunger.NOTE 2The National Institute of Standards and Technology willmeasure and certify the accuracy of penetration needles in accordancewith these permissible variations.6
22、.4 Test Specimen Container, consisting of a brass cylinderopen at both ends, having a 25.4 6 1.6-mm (1 6116-in.) insidediameter, 31.8 6 1.6-mm (114 6116-in.) height, and 3.2 61.6-mm (18 6116-in.) wall thickness. To prevent slippage ofvery hard wax, a few screw threads or grooves shall be cut intothe
23、 center part of the inside wall of the cylinder. The cylindershall be placed on a base plate of brass, wetted with an equalvolume mixture of glycerin and water, when casting a testspecimen.6.5 Test Room or Cabinet, capable of being maintained at23.9 6 2.2C (75 6 4F).6.6 Water Bath, of at least 10-L
24、capacity, capable of beingmaintained at the test temperature within 60.1C (60.2F)(Note 4). The water bath should be made of glass or othersuitable transparent material, or have a window to permit ahorizontal view of the specimen. It shall be possible toimmerse the test specimen in the bath to a dept
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