ASTM D121-2015 Standard Terminology of Coal and Coke《煤和焦炭的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D121 09aD121 15Standard Terminology ofCoal and Coke1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D121; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates

2、 the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines the technical terms used in standards that are the responsibility of Committee D05 on Coal andCoke. The terms are used in:1.1.1 The sampling

3、of coal and coke under conditions required for most commercial and technical purposes related to coal andcoke.1.1.2 Bias and related statistical testing,1.1.3 The description of coal, both visually in the field and microscopically in the laboratory,1.1.4 Chemical and physical analyses of coal and co

4、ke,1.1.5 Classification of coal, and1.1.6 Certain other related practices and guides applicable to the coal and coke industries.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D388 Classification of Coals by RankD720 Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of CoalD1412 Test Method for Equilibrium Moisture of

5、 Coal at 96 to 97 Percent Relative Humidity and 30CD1857 Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke AshD2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample of CoalD2361D2639 Test Method for Chlorine in CoalPlastic Properties of Coal by the Con

6、stant-Torque Gieseler Plastometer(Withdrawn 2008)D2795 Test Methods for Analysis of Coal and Coke Ash (Withdrawn 2001)3D2798 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of CoalD2961 Test Method for Single-Stage Total Moisture Less than 15 % in Coal Reduced to 2.36-mm (No

7、. 8 Sieve) TopsizeD3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokeD3173 Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and CokeD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from CoalD3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Coal and CokeD3176

8、Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and CokeD3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses from As-Determined to Different BasesD3302 Test Method for Total Moisture in CoalD4371 Test Method for Determining the Washability Characteristics of CoalD4596 Practice for Collection of Channel Samp

9、les of Coal in a MineD4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal SizeD4916 Practice for Mechanical Auger Sampling (Withdrawn 2008)3D5061 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Textural Components of Metallurgical CokeD5114 Test Method for Laboratory F

10、roth Flotation of Coal in a Mechanical CellD5192 Practice for Collection of Coal Samples from Core1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.24 on QualityAssuranceStatistics.Current edition approved Oct. 1,

11、 2009Sept. 1, 2015. Published October 2009September 2015. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asD121 09.D121 09A. DOI: 10.1520/D0121-09A.10.1520/D0121-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceast

12、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becaus

13、eit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar

14、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5263 Test Method for Determining the Relative Degree of Oxidation in Bituminous Coal by Alkali ExtractionD5515 Test Method for Determination of the Swelling Properties of Bituminous Coal Using a DilatometerD5865 Test Metho

15、d for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and CokeD6316 Test Method for Determination of Total, Combustible and Carbonate Carbon in Solid Residues from Coal and CokeD7430 Practice for Mechanical Sampling of CoalD7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis3

16、. Terminologyair-dried moisturemoisturethis term has been used inappropriately to refer to both residual moisture and air-dry loss.Because of the potential for confusion, this term shall not be used.airdrying, na process of partial drying of coal to bring its moisture near to equilibrium with the at

17、mosphere in the room in whichfurther reduction and division of the sample will take place. D2013; D2234/D2234Mair-dry loss, n in coal, the loss in mass, expressed as a percentage, resulting from each air-drying stage or the sum of allsequential air-drying stages in which the results from each stage

18、are adjusted to the as-received basis.DISCUSSIONAir-dry loss is neither a standard state nor a characteriseticcharacteristic property of a coal. Air drying only removes water that can evaporate at ornear ambient laboratory conditions, leaving in the coal some fraction of the inherent moisture that i

19、s more tightly bound in the pores (residual moisture).Different laboratory environments or different drying temperatures or both will result in significant differences in air-dry loss and residual moisture.D3302agglomerating, adjas applied to coal, the property of softening when it is heated to abov

20、e about 400C400 C in a nonoxidizingatmosphere, and then appearing as a coherent mass after cooling to room temperature.alginiteSee alginite under maceral.analysis sampleSee analysis sample under sample.angle of repose, nthe greatest angle, measured from horizontal, attained by a coal so that materia

21、l on the sides ofor top of theinverted cone or trench created in car top sampling remains stable, that is, will not shift or slide. Coal size and moisture contentare contributing factors to this angle. In all cases, the coal shall be dug so that the physical angle is less than the angle of repose.an

22、isotropic, adjas used in Test Method D5061, exhibiting optical properties of different values when viewed with an opticalmicroscope having mutually exclusive polarized light, for example, crossed nicols. D5061anthraciteSee anthracite under rank.anthracitic classSee anthracitic class under rank.appar

23、ent rank, nof coal, the rank designation obtained on samples other than channel samples, but otherwise conforming toprocedures of Classification D388.as-analyzed moisturesynonym for as-determined moisture.as-determined basisSee as-determined basis under reporting bases.ash, ninorganic residue remain

24、ing after ignition of combustible substances, determined by definite prescribed methods.DISCUSSIONAsh need not be identical, in composition or quantity, with the inorganic substances present in the material before ignition.In the case of coal and coke, the methods used shall be those prescribed in T

25、est Method D3174 or D7582.as-mined coalfor the purpose of Test Method D4749, same as run-of-mine (ROM) coal. D4749as-received basisSee as-received basis under reporting bases. D3180as-shipped or produced coalfor the purpose of Test Method D4749, raw or prepared coal in any state or condition at whic

26、hit leaves the mine property or loading facility. D4749attrital coalSee attrital coal under coal.auger increment, nthe retained portion of one extraction operation of the auger. D4916banded coalSee banded coal under coal.basisSee reporting bases.bed moisturesynonym for inherent moisture.beehive coke

27、See beehive coke under coke.D121 152binder phase, n as used in Test Method D5061, a continuous solid carbon matrix formed during the thermoplastic deformationof those coal macerals that become plastic during carbonization.DISCUSSIONThe binder phase material is formed from the thermoplastic deformati

28、on of reactive (vitrinite and liptinite) and semi-inert (semifusinite) coal maceralsof metallurgical bituminous coals. During thermoplasticity, the inert coal maceral and mineral are partly or wholly incorporated into the binder phase.Also, most of the coke pores are located in the binder phase. D50

29、61bituminous classSee bituminous class under rank.boghead coalSee boghead coal under coal.bone coalSee bone coal under coal.borehole, nthe circular hole through soil and rock strata made by boring.bottomsize, nominal for the purpose of Test Method D4749, the sieve designating the lower limit or bott

30、omsize shall be thatsieve of the series given in the Standard Series of Sieves section with the largest openings through which passes a total of lessthan 15 % of the sample. This defined bottomsize is not to be confused with the size of the smallest particles in the lot.DISCUSSION(WarningIn the case

31、 of a commercial, double-screened product, for example, 37.5 by 9.5 mm (112 by 38 in.), this designation may not be valid.In such commercial or contractual situations, the amount of allowable material smaller than the bottomsize (for example, 9.5 mm) must be specifiedby the contract under which the

32、coal is bought and solid.) D4749briquette, na cylindrical block composed of granulated coal or coke particles compressed and embedded with an epoxy binder.by-product cokeSee by-product coke under coke.C test, na standard statistical test for homogeneity of variance.calorific value, nthe heat of comb

33、ustion of a unit quantity of a substance.DISCUSSIONIt is expressed in ASTM test methods in British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb). Calorific value can also be expressed in calories per gram (cal/g)or in the International System of Units, joules per gram (J/g), when required. D5865calorimeter, n as

34、 used in Test Method D5865, the bomb and its contents, the calorimeter vessel with stirrer, the water in whichthe bomb is immersed, and the portions of the thermometer and the ignition leads within the calorimeter vessel. D5865calorimeter jacket, nthe insulating medium surrounding the calorimeter.ca

35、nnel coalSee cannel coal under coal.carbonate carbon, nthe carbon content present in the solid products derived from the combustion or reaction of coal, coalby-products, or coke as carbonates and which is noncombustible in standard industry practice. D6316carbon form, n as used in Test Method D5061,

36、 microscopically distinguishable carbonaceous textural components of coke, butexcluding mineral carbonates.DISCUSSIONCarbon forms are recognized on the basis of their reflectance, anisotropy, and morphology. They are derived from the organic portion of coal and canbe anisotropic or isotropic. D5061c

37、aves or washouts, nzones of increased hole diameter caused by rock fragments that fall from the walls of a borehole and canblock the hole or contaminate the cuttings and which erode or abrade the sidewall of the borehole by the action of the drilling.These zones can affect the accuracy of certain ge

38、ophysical logs (especially density). Corrections to other geophysical logs canbe made if a caliper log is available. The most common causes of caves or washouts include soft or fractured lithologies, thepresence of water-producing zones, and the downhole pressure of the drilling medium (fluid or air

39、) that often causes differentialerosion of various strata within the borehole.chance error, nerror that has equal probability of being positive or negative. The mean of the chance errors resulting from aseries of observations tends toward zero as the number of observations approaches infinity.D121 1

40、53circular anisotropic phase, nas used in Test Method D5061, a group of binder-phase anisotropic carbon textures that aredistinguished by approximately circular domains (that is length equals width) and composed of fine circular (0.5-(0.5 to 1.0-m),1.0 m), medium circular (1.0-(1.0 to 1.5-m), 1.5 m)

41、, and coarse circular (1.5-(1.5 to 2.0-m) 2.0 m) size categories. D5061cleat, nthe joint system of coal seams, usually oriented normal or nearly normal to the bedding.DISCUSSIONCleat is most commonly found in bituminous coal, being most prominently developed in vitrain bands and bright layers. Some

42、cleat, especially themore widely separated joints, extend through all or a large part of the seam. Cleat surfaces are commonly coated with minerals such as calcite, kaolinite,and pyrite.coal, na brown to black combustible sedimentary rock (in the geological sense) composed principally of consolidate

43、d andchemically altered plant remains.DISCUSSIONConditions required for formation of coal are believed to include accumulation of plant remains and their partial decomposition under moist conditions,followed by sedimentary burial and subjection to increased pressure and temperature according to the

44、geological history of the seam. Coals exhibita wide range of properties as a result of differences in the kinds and relative amounts of different plant materials and intermixed mineral matter, theamount of alteration of the plant remains achieved before burial, and especially the degree of physical

45、and chemical alteration after burial. SeeClassification D388 for classification of coal in accordance with its degree of alteration or rank. The moisture content and the kind, amount, and modeof occurrence of mineral matter also vary greatly.lithotype,n any of the constituents of banded coal: vitrai

46、n, fusain, clarain, durain, or attrital coal or a specific mixture of twoor more of these.banded coal,ncoal that is visibly heterogeneous in composition, being composed of layers of vitrain and attrital coal, and,commonly, fusain.attrital coal,nthe ground mass or matrix of banded coal in which vitra

47、in and, commonly, fusain layers as well, are embeddedor enclosed.DISCUSSIONLayers in banded coal, often referred to as bands, are commonly 1 to 30 mm thick. Attrital coal in banded coal is highly varied in composition andappearance, its luster varying from a brilliance nearly equal to that of the as

48、sociated vitrain to nearly as dull as fusain; it exhibits striated, granulose,or rough texture. In a few cases, relatively thick layers of such attrital coal are found that contain no interbedded vitrain. Nonbanded coal also is attritalcoal but is not usually referred to as such. In contrast to the

49、coarser and more variable texture of attrital coal in banded coal, nonbanded coal is notablyuniform and fine in texture, being derived from size-sorted plant debris.The luster of attrital coal, which ranges from bright (but less than that of associated vitrain) to dull, is commonly used to describe and characterizeattrital coal.As an alternative, some petrographers subdivide attrital coal into clarain and durain. Clarain has bright luster and silky texture, being finelystriated parallel to the coal bedding. Du