[外语类试卷]2017年12月大学英语六级真题试卷（二）及答案与解析.doc

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1、2017年 12月大学英语六级真题试卷（二）及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying “Seek to understand others, and you will be understood. “ You can cite examples to illustrate your views. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 wor

2、ds. Section A （ A） Say a few words to thank the speaker. （ B） Introduce the speaker to the audience. （ C） Give a lecture on the history of the town. （ D） Host a talk on how to give a good speech. （ A） He was the founder of the local history society. （ B） He has worked with Miss Bligh for 20 years. （

3、 C） He has published a book on public speaking. （ D） He joined the local history society when young. （ A） She was obviously better at talking than writing. （ B） She had a good knowledge of the towns history. （ C） Her speech was so funny as to amuse the audience. （ D） Her ancestors came to the town i

4、n the 18th century. （ A） He read exactly what was written in his notes. （ B） He kept forgetting what he was going to say. （ C） He made an embarrassing remark. （ D） He was too nervous to speak up. （ A） What their retailers demand. （ B） What their rivals are doing. （ C） How they are going to beat thei

5、r rivals. （ D） How dramatically the market is changing. （ A） They should be taken seriously. （ B） They are rapidly catching up. （ C） Their business strategy is quite effective. （ D） Their potential has been underestimated. （ A） She had given it to Tom. （ B） It simply made her go frantic. （ C） She ha

6、d not seen it yet. （ D） It was not much of a big concern. （ A） Restructuring the whole company. （ B） Employing more forwarding agents. （ C） Promoting cooperation with Jayal Motors. （ D） Exporting their motorbikes to Indonesia. Section B （ A） It makes claims in conflict with the existing research. （

7、B） It focuses on the link between bedtime and nutrition. （ C） It cautions against the overuse of coffee and alcohol. （ D） It shows that “night owls“ work much less efficiently. （ A） They pay greater attention to food choice. （ B） They tend to achieve less than their peers. （ C） They run a higher ris

8、k of gaining weight. （ D） They stand a greater chance to fall sick. （ A） Get up late. （ B） Sleep 8 hours a day. （ C） Exercise more. （ D） Go to bed earlier. （ A） All of the acting nominees are white. （ B） It has got too much publicity on TV. （ C） It is prejudiced against foreign films. （ D） Only 7% o

9、f the nominees are female. （ A） 22 percent of movie directors were people of color. （ B） Half of the TV programs were ethnically balanced. （ C） Only one-fifth of TV shows had black characters. （ D） Only 3.4 percent of film directors were women. （ A） Non-white males. （ B） Program creators. （ C） Femal

10、es of color over 40. （ D） Asian speaking characters. （ A） They constitute 17% of Hollywood movie characters. （ B） They are most underrepresented across TV and film. （ C） They contribute little to the U. S. film industry. （ D） They account for 8.5% of the U. S. population. Section C （ A） One that can

11、 provide for emergency needs. （ B） One that can pay for their medical expenses. （ C） One that covers their debts and burial expenses. （ D） One that ensures a healthy life for their later years. （ A） Purchase insurance for their children. （ B） Save sufficient money for a rainy day. （ C） Buy a home wi

12、th a small down payment. （ D） Add more insurance on the breadwinner. （ A） When their children grow up and leave home. （ B） When they have saved enough for retirement. （ C） When their family move to a different place. （ D） When they have found better-paying jobs. （ A） They do more harm than good. （ B

13、） They have often been ignored. （ C） They do not help build friendship. （ D） They may not always be negative. （ A） Biased sources of information. （ B） Ignorance of cultural differences. （ C） Misinterpretation of Shakespeare. （ D） Tendency to jump to conclusions. （ A） They are hard to dismiss once at

14、tached to a certain group. （ B） They may have a negative impact on people they apply to. （ C） They persist even when circumstances have changed. （ D） They are often applied to minorities and ethnic people. （ A） They impact people more or less in the same way. （ B） Some people are more sensitive to t

15、hem than others. （ C） A positive stereotype may help one achieve better results. （ D） A negative stereotype sticks while a positive one does not. （ A） Use some over-the-counter medicine instead. （ B） Quit taking the medicine immediately. （ C） Take some drug to relieve the side effect. （ D） Ask your

16、pharmacist to explain why it occurs. （ A） It may help patients fall asleep. （ B） It may lead to mental problems. （ C） It may cause serious harm to ones liver. （ D） It may increase the effect of certain drugs. （ A） Tell their children to treat medicines with respect. （ B） Keep medicines out of the re

17、ach of their children. （ C） Make sure their children use quality medicines. （ D） Ask their children to use legitimate medicines. Section A 26 The Pacific island nation of Palau has become home to the sixth largest marine sanctuary in the world. The new marine reserve, now the largest in the Pacific,

18、 will【 C1】 _no fishing or mining. Palau also established the worlds first shark sanctuary in 2009. The tiny island nation has set aside 500, 000 square kilometres80 percentof its maritime【 C2】 _, for full protection. Thats the highest percentage of an【 C3】_economic zone devoted to marine conservatio

19、n by any country in the world. The remaining 20 percent of the Palau seas will be reserved for local fishing by individuals and small-scale【 C4】 _fishing businesses with limited exports. “Island【 C5】 _have been among the hardest hit by the threats facing the ocean,“ said President Tommy Remengesau J

20、r. in a statement. “ Creating this sanctuary is a bold move that the people of Palau recognise as【 C6】 _to our survival. We want to lead the way in restoring the health of the ocean for future generations. “ Palau has only been an【 C7】 _nation for twenty years and has a strong history of environment

21、al protection. It is home to one of the worlds finest marine ecosystems, with more than 1,300 species of fish and 700 species of coral. Senator Hokkons Baules, lead【 C8】 _of the Palau National Marine Sanctuary Act, said the sanctuary will “help build a【 C9】 _future for the Palauan people by honoring

22、 the conservation traditions of our past“. These include the centuries-old custom of “bul“, where leaders would call a temporary stop to fishing for key species in order to give fish【 C10】 _an opportunity to replenish(补充 ). A)allocate I)permit B)celebrities J)secure C)commercial K)solitary D)communi

23、ties L)spectacle E)essential M)sponsor F)exclusive N)stocks G)independent O)territory H)indulge 27 【 C1】 28 【 C2】 29 【 C3】 30 【 C4】 31 【 C5】 32 【 C6】 33 【 C7】 34 【 C8】 35 【 C9】 36 【 C10】 Section B 36 Data sharing: An open mind on open data A It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make

24、research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a crisis in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. Furthermore, they sa

25、y, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends. B The open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013,

26、 global scientific bodies have begun to back policies that support increased public access to research. On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share data, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introd

27、uce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journals and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch! their own career

28、s. C One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming Scientifically vulnerable. They must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration proposal from those who are wary ofor unfamiliar withopen science. And they must learn how to capitalize on the mov

29、ements benefits, such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation without the need fdr conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals. D Some fields have embraced open data more than others. Researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of reproduci

30、bility in the past few years, have been especially vocal supporters of the drive for more-open science. A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in reproducible sciencefor example, by affixing an open-data badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. A

31、ccording to social psychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015. E Funders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy. Sever

32、al strongly encourage, and some require, a data-management plan that makes data available. The US National Science Foundation is among these. Some philanthropic(慈善的 )funders, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, and the Wellcome Trust in London, also mandate open dat

33、a from their grant recipients. F But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private. Graduate students and postdocs, who often are working on their lab heads grant, may have no choice if their supervisor or

34、 another senior colleague opposes sharing. G Some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career. “Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped(被抢先 ),“ says New York University astronomer David Hogg. Those fears may be a factor in a lin

35、gering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it. H Researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when sharing hard-won data. “With my institution and teaching load, I dont have postdocs and grad students,“ says Terry

36、McGlynn, a tropical biologist at California State University, Dominguez Hills. “ The stakes are higher for me to share data because its a bigger fraction of whats happening in my lab. “ I Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and

37、 associated materials appear in a repository(存储库 ), answering questions and handling complaints can take many hours. J The time investment can present other problems. In some cases, says data scientist Karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues

38、many of whom head selection and promotion committeesmight ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies. “ Ive heard this recentlythat embracing the idea of open data and code makes traditional academics uncomfortable,“ says Ram. “ The concern seems to be that open advocates dont spend their tim

39、e being as productive as possible. “ K An open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. Kate Ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the University of Florida, Gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a fieldthose who care about open science and those who do

40、nt. “ Theres a new area to navigateAre you cool with the fact that Ill want to make the data open? when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea,“ shy says. L Despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. For example, when information is uploaded to a

41、 repository, a digital object identifier(DOI)is assigned. Scientists can use a DOI to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citationsone each for the data and software, in addition to the paper itself. And although some sa

42、y that citations for software or data have little currency in academia, they can have other benefits. M Many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. “This is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it, whil

43、e discouraging plagiarism(剽窃 ),“ says Ivo Grigorov, a project coordinator at the National Institute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariat in Charlottenlund, Denmark. Hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think. “ The two cases Im familiar with didnt involve open data or code,“ h

44、e says. N Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gaining better access to crucial data. Ross Mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil-based research

45、 depends on access to others data. He says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career scientists requests for data. O Communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says. Concerns ab

46、out open science should be discussed at the outset of a study. “ Whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them,“ he says. P In the end, sharing data, software an

47、d materials with colleagues can help an early-career researcher to gain recognitiona crucial component of success. “The thing you are searching for is reputation,“ says Titus Brown, a genomics(基因组学 )researcher at the University of California, Davis. “To get grants and jobs, you have to be relevant a

48、nd achieve some level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances your presenceespecially in a larger sphere, outside the communities you knowis a net win. “ 37 Astronomer David Hogg doesnt think scooping is as serious a problem as generally thought. 38 Some researchers are hesitant to make

49、 their data public for fear that others might publish something similar before them. 39 Some psychology journals have offered incentives to encourage authors to share their data. 40 There is a growing demand in the science community that research data be open to the public. 41 Sharing data offers early-career researchers the chance to build a certain level of reputation. 42 Data sharing enables scientists to publish each step of their research work, thus le