ASHRAE 90323-2013 ASHRAE GreenGuide Design Construction and Operation of Sustainable Buildings (Fourth Edition).pdf

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1、ASHRAE GreenGuideDesign, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings1791 Tullie CircleAtlanta, GA 30329-2305404.636.8400 (worldwide)www.ashrae.orgProduct code: 90323 11/13ISBN: 978-1-936504-55-8ASHRAE GreenGuideFourth EditionFourth EditionComplete Guidance on Green Building from Planning to

2、 OperationFor green-building and sustainable-design professionals, ASHRAE GreenGuide is a valuable reference for both experienced practitioners as well as those new to the field and industry. Reviewed and written by experts with real-world experience in the industry, this guide provides information

3、on design that can be the key to successful projects. Primarily for HVAC means for identifying and reducing these impacts; and enhancing ASHRAE member awareness of the impacts. Tom Lawrence, PhD, PE, LEED-AP, is the chair of the editorial revision committee and coeditor of ASHRAE GreenGuide, Fourth

4、Edition. He is a senior public ser-vice associate with the University of Georgia and has over 30 years of experi-ence in engineering and related technical fields. He is a past chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee (TC) 2.8 and is a member of the committee that wrote ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.

5、1, Standard for the Design of High-Per-formance Green Buildings. Dr. Lawrence is also a member of ASHRAEs Techni-cal Activities Committee. As an ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer, he gives seminars on green building design at venues around the world.Abdel K. Darwich, PE, CEng, LEED-AP, HFDP, is a coedit

6、or of ASHRAE Green-Guide, Fourth Edition. He is an associate principal with Guttmann and Blaevoet Consulting Engineers in their Sacramento office. Darwich has more than 15 years of experience in the design of mechanical systems for healthcare, com-mercial, industrial, K-12, mixed-use, and high-end r

7、esidential uses with emphasis on low-energy and zero-energy design. He is a member of ASHRAE TC 2.8 and Standing Standard Project Committee 62.1, an ASHRAE certified Healthcare Facility Design Professional, and a recipient of a 2013 ASHRAE Technology Award.Janice K. Means, PE, LEED-AP, is the third

8、coeditor of ASHRAE GreenGuide, Fourth Edition. She is an associate professor in the College of Architecture and Design at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield, Michigan. Means has over 25 years of experience in the industry. She is a trained presenter for ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 2001 and 2

9、004, a voting member of ASHRAE TC 2.8, Chair of ASHRAE TC 6.7, and was a contributing author to Chapter 36 of the 2008 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Systems and Equipment. Sarah Boyle, assistant editor in ASHRAE Special Publications, served as staff edi-tor for ASHRAE GreenGuide, Fourth Edition. ASHRAE STAFF

10、SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Associate EditorRoberta Hirschbuehler, Assistant EditorSarah Boyle, Assistant EditorMichshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICES

11、David Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic CommunicationsJayne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, Graphics SpecialistPUBLISHER W. Stephen ComstockUpdates/errata for this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates

12、. ASHRAE GreenGuideDesign, Construction,and Operation of Sustainable BuildingsFourth EditionISBN 978-1-936504-55-82013 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.First edition published 2003. Second edition published 2006.Third edition published 2010. Fourth editi

13、on published 2013.Printed in the United States of AmericaCover design by Tracy BeckerASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care,

14、 but ASHRAE has not investi-gated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warra

15、nty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not neces-sarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any

16、information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stor

17、ed in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions._Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataASHRAE greenguide :

18、design, construction, and operation of sustainable buildings. - Fourth edition.pages cmSummary: “Provides information on green-building design. Concerned with sustainable, high-performance projects“- Provided by publisher.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-936504-55-8 (hardcove

19、r)1. Sustainable buildings-Design and construction. 2. Sustainable buildings-United States-Design and construction. 3. Sustainable architecture. 4. Buildings-Environmental engineering. 5. Sustainable construction. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. II. Titl

20、e: ASHRAE green guide. TH880.A83 2013720.47-dc232013028021Tomorrows ChildWithout a name, an unseen face,And knowing not the time or place,Tomorrows Child, though yet unborn,I saw you first last Tuesday morn.A wise friend introduced us two,And through his shining point of viewI saw a day, which you w

21、ould see,A day for you, and not for me.Knowing you has changed my thinking,Never having had an inklingThat perhaps the things I doMight someday threaten you.Tomorrows Child, my daughter-son,Im afraid Ive just begunTo think of you and of your good,Though always having known I should.Begin I will to w

22、eigh the costOf what I squander, what is lost,If ever I forget that youWill someday come to live here too.by Glenn Thomas, 1996Reprinted from Mid-Course Correction: Toward a Sustainable Enterprise: The Interface Model by Ray Anderson. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 1999.CONTENTSviiForeword xvPref

23、ace to the Fourth Edition xviiWho Should Use ASHRAE GreenGuide xviiiHow to Use ASHRAE GreenGuide xviiiBackground on ASHRAE GreenGuide xixAcknowledgments xxiSECTION 1: BASICS Chapter One: Introduction and Background 3Introduction 3Relationship to Sustainability 5 Commitment to Green/Sustainable High-

24、Performance Projects 5What Drives Green Projects 6The Impact of Carbon Considerations 7The Engineering/Energy Conservation Ethic 8Sustainability in Architecture 14References and Resources 20Chapter Two: Sustainable Sites 23Location of the Building Project 23Urban Heat Island Effect 24Stormwater Mana

25、gement 27References and Resources29viiiSECTION 2: THE DESIGN PROCESSChapter Three: Project Strategies 39Ingredients of a Successful Green Project Endeavor 39Incentives for Green Design 40Successful Approaches to Design 45References and Resources 51Chapter Four: The Design ProcessEarly Stages 53Overv

26、iew 53The Owners Role 56The Design Team 57The Engineers Role 61Project Delivery Methods and Contractor Selection 62Concept Development 67Expressing and Testing Concepts 70Building Information Modeling (BIM) 72References and Resources 78Chapter Five: Architectural Design and Planning Impacts 79Overvi

27、ew 79Design Process for Sustainable Architecture 79Prioritization and Studies of Existing Buildings Energy Resource Utilization 86Intentions in Architecture and Building System Development 87Building-Type GreenTips 89Chapter Six: Commissioning 123Commissioning Phases 125Selection of Systems to Commi

28、ssion 135Commissioning Models 136The Growth of Commissioning 137References and Resources 138Chapter Seven: Green Rating Systems, Standards, and Other Guidance 139Green-Building Rating Systems 139The LEED Rating System 141Guidelines and Other Resources 144Building Energy Quotient (bEQ) 145Implementat

29、ion in the Form of Standards and Building Codes 147ixASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1 147 International Green Construction Code (IgCC) 153References and Resources 153Chapter Eight: Conceptual Engineering Design Load Determination 157The Role of Energy Modeling During Conceptual Design 158Determining

30、the Load Drivers with Parametric Simulations 160Energy Impacts of Architectural Features 161Thermal/Mass Transfer of Envelope 162Engineering Internal Load-Determining Factors 163 System/Equipment Efficiencies 164Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) 165References and Resources 179Chapter Nine: Indoor Envi

31、ronmental Quality 181Introduction 181Green-Building Design and Indoor Environmental Quality 182Integrated Design Approaches and Solutions 183Thermal Comfort and Control 223Light and Illumination 225Acoustics 230References and Resources 232Chapter Ten: Energy Distribution Systems 235Energy Exchange 2

32、35Energy Delivery Methods 236Steam 240Hydronics 243Air 247Electric 249References and Resources 250Chapter Eleven: Energy Conversion Systems 273Heat Generators (Heating Plants) 273Cooling Generators (Chilled-Water Plants) 273Cooling System Heat Sinks 276Cooling Tower Systems 276District Energy System

33、s 281Water Consumption for Cooling System Operation 283xDistributed Electricity Generation 284References and Resources 290Chapter Twelve: Energy/Water Sources 337Renewable/Nonrenewable Energy Sources 337Solar 339Wind 349Hydro 350Biomass 350References and Resources 351Chapter Thirteen: Lighting Syste

34、ms 369Overview 369Electric Lighting 369Daylight Harvesting 384Light Conveyors (Tubular Daylighting Devices) 388Lighting Controls 388Cost Considerations 392References and Resources 393Chapter Fourteen: Water Efficiency 399The Energy-Water Balance 400Water Supply 400Cooling Tower Systems 402Domestic W

35、ater Heating 407Sanitary Waste 408Rainwater Harvesting 408Fire Suppression Systems 408Water Recovery and Reuse 408References and Resources 409Chapter Fifteen: Building Automation Systems 439Control System Role in Delivering Energy Efficiency 440The Interaction of a Smart Building with the Coming Sma

36、rt Grid 441Control System Role in Delivering Water Efficiency 443Control System Role in Delivering IEQ 444Control System Commissioning Process 446Designing for Sustained Efficiency 449References and Resources 450xiChapter Sixteen: Completing Design and Documentation for Construction 453Drawings/Docu

37、mentation Stage 453Specifying Materials/Equipment 453Cost Estimating and Budget Reconciliation 454Bidding 454Managing Risk 455References and Resources 458SECTION 3: POSTDESIGNCONSTRUCTION AND BEYONDChapter Seventeen: Construction 463Site Planning and Development 463The Engineers Role in Construction

38、 Quality 463Construction Practices and Methods 466Commissioning During Construction 468Moving into Occupancy and Operation 468References and Resources 468Chapter Eighteen: Operation, Maintenance, and Performance Evaluation 471Plans for Operation 471Commissioning 471Energy Efficiency in Existing Buil

39、dings 473Retrofit Strategies for Existing Buildings 474Measurement and Verification (M forthis I do apologize. The revision process spread out through a wide number ofchannels and distributions as ASHRAE members and the dedicated volunteers allpitched in to help create the best product possible. Fin

40、ally, the current version couldnot have been possible without all the hard work and dedication put into it by otherswho created the previous three editions. This book truly represents the collabora-tive nature of the work done by dedicated volunteers within ASHRAE. All workperformedby the authors, e

41、ditors, developing subcommittees, other reviewers,and TC participantswas voluntary.WHO SHOULD USE ASHRAE GREENGUIDEASHRAE GreenGuide is primarily for HVAC Jordan L. Heiman, Fellow ASHRAE; andSheila Hayter, chair of TC 1.10 (the precursor to TC 2.8 of today).The GreenGuide subcommittee responsible fo

42、r the second and third editionsconsisted of John Swift, Tom Lawrence, and the people noted in the Acknowledg-ments section. Work on the fourth edition was overseen by a subcommittee of TC 2.8chaired by Tom Lawrence and also including Janice Means and Abdel Darwiche.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSxxiThe following in

43、dividuals served as coeditors on this edition of ASHRAEGreenGuide, provided written materials and editorial content, and formed theSenior Editorial Group of the ASHRAE TC 2.8 GreenGuide Subcommittee forthe second and third editions:Thomas LawrenceUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GAAbdel K DarwichGuttman

44、n and Blaevoet ConsultingEngineers, Sacramento, CAJanice K. MeansLawrence Technological UniversitySouthfield, MIThe committee is deeply thankful for all the individuals who helped with orcontributed in the first three editions of the GreenGuide. The fourth editionwould not be where it is without the

45、ir help.The following individuals contributed new written materials on various top-ics for the fourth edition of ASHRAE GreenGuide. All or portions of these contri-butions were incorporated, with minor editing.Constantinos A. BalarasInstitute for Environmental Research theyrequire commitment from th

46、e owner and the rest of the project team, early doc-umentation of sustainable/green goals documented by the Owners ProjectRequirement document, and the designers documented basis of design. Themost successful projects incorporating green design are ones with dedicated,proactive owners who are willin

47、g to examine (or give the design team the free-dom to examine) the entire spectrum of ownershipfrom design to construc-tion to long-term operation of their facilities. These owners understand thatgreen buildings require more planning, better execution, and better operationalprocedures, requiring a f

48、irm commitment to changing how building projects aredesigned, constructed, operated, and maintained to achieve a lower total cost ofownership and lower long-term environmental impacts.Implementing green/sustainable practices could indeed raise the initialdesign soft costs associated with a project, particularly compared to the codeminimum building design. First cost is an important issue and often is a stum-bling block in moving building design from the code minimum (“good design”)